Posted by admin on Jul 31, 2026 in |
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a complex metabolic disorder of global epidemic proportions, characterised by chronic hyperglycaemia. Current pharmacological agents, despite their efficacy, has some disadvantages. The present study was designed to develop, optimise, and standardise a polyherbal antidiabetic tablet formulation comprising five scientifically validated medicinal plants Gymnema sylvestre, Momordica charantia, Trigonella foenum graecum, Moringa oleifera, and Azadirachta indica. Standardised dry extracts characterised for yield, total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and HPLC marker compound content. In-vitro antidiabetic activity was evaluated by alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase inhibition assays. Isobolographic analysis identified the pentaherbal combination at a 3:1:1:1:1 ratio (Gymnema:Momordica:Trigonella:Moringa:Azadirachta) as the optimal synergistic combination, with a combination index (CI) of 0.38, indicating strong synergism. Polyherbal antidiabetic tablets were prepared by wet granulation and optimised using a Box-Behnken Design. The optimised tablets met all IP 2022 specifications. HPTLC fingerprinting confirmed the identity of all five plant components. A validated HPLC method for simultaneous quantification of gymnemic acid, charantin, and quercetin meeting ICH Q2(R1) requirements. The formulation exhibited superior in-vitro antidiabetic...
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Posted by admin on Jul 31, 2026 in |
Carbon dots (CDs) have emerged as an important class of carbon-based nanomaterials owing to their excellent photoluminescence, biocompatibility, low toxicity, aqueous dispersibility, and versatile surface chemistry. The present study focused on the synthesis and physicochemical characterization of nitrogen-doped carbon dots prepared through a simple hydrothermal method using citric acid monohydrate as the carbon source and polyethyleneimine (PEI) as the nitrogen-doping agent. The synthesis was carried out at 200°C for 7 hours in a Teflon-lined autoclave, followed by purification through dialysis and membrane filtration to obtain highly purified carbon dot suspensions. The synthesized carbon dots were comprehensively characterized using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), Zeta Potential Analysis, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Fluorescence Spectroscopy, UV–Visible Spectroscopy, and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA). TEM analysis revealed uniformly distributed quasi-spherical nanoparticles with an average particle size of 4.8 ± 1.2 nm. DLS measurements indicated a hydrodynamic diameter of 7.2 ± 0.8 nm and a polydispersity index of 0.18 ± 0.03, confirming a monodisperse system. The positive zeta potential value of +32.5...
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Posted by admin on Jul 31, 2026 in |
Background: Terminalia tomentosa Roxb. (Combretaceae), commonly known as the crocodile-bark tree, is a large deciduous tree whose stem bark occupies a prominent place in Ayurvedic, Siddha and folk medicine systems across India for the management of diarrhoea, bronchitis, fractures, haemorrhages and inflammatory conditions. Despite this long traditional use, the stem bark has not been subjected to a systematic pharmacognostic and physicochemical evaluation, leaving an important gap with respect to its authentication and quality control. Objective: The present study was undertaken to perform a comprehensive pharmacognostic and preliminary phytochemical standardisation of the stem bark of T. tomentosa, generating reference parameters for its identification and quality assessment. Methods: Authenticated stem bark collected from the Dandeli-Tinaighat forest Karnataka, was evaluated for organoleptic and morphological characteristics, transverse-section and powder microscopy and standard physicochemical parameters including moisture content, ash values, extractive values, fibre dimensions and foaming index. A 70% ethanolic extract was screened qualitatively for major phytoconstituents and quantitatively for total phenolic, flavonoid and tannin content using validated spectrophotometric assays referenced against gallic acid,...
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Posted by admin on Jul 31, 2026 in |
The present study was to investigate the analgesic and anthelmintic activities of ethanolic flower extract of Microcos paniculata, a member of the Malvaceae family. The analgesic activity was evaluated for its peripheral pharmacological activity using acetic acid induced writhing method in swiss albino mice at the doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight and displayed significant analgesic action in a dose dependent manner. In acetic acid writhing method, 400 mg/kg body .weight showed the most significant analgesic action with writhing inhibition of 74.46% where the standard drug Diclofenac-Na (25 mg/kg) showed 70% inhibition. Anthelmintic activity was screened against adult Bangladeshi earthworms (Pheretima posthuma). Three concentrations (25, 50 and 100 mg/ml) of plant extracts were tested in bioassay. Albendazole (10 mg/ml) is used as standard reference drug whereas distilled water is used as a control. The paralysis and death times and death time of the worms were recorded. Dose dependent activity was observed in the plant extract. This result suggests the extract possess potential analgesic and anthelmintic...
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Posted by admin on Jul 31, 2026 in |
The present study undertook a systematic, comprehensive pharmacognostical, phytochemical, and pharmacological investigation of Moringa oleifera leaves. The investigation was designed to address identified research gaps pertaining to the standardization, phytochemical characterization, and biological activity evaluation of this pharmacologically significant plant. Pharmacognostical characterization manifest reliable diagnostic markers for authentication of genuine Moringa oleifera leaf material. Physicochemical standardization parameters showed within published reference ranges. Preliminary phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, terpenoids, steroids, phenols, and glycosides. Total phenolic content (TPC) was highest in the methanol extract (MEMO: 31.6 ± 1.4 mg GAE/g) and total flavonoid content (TFC: 16.4 ± 0.8 mg QE/g). HPTLC fingerprinting of the methanol extract identified quercetin 3-O-glucoside (Rf 0.48), kaempferol glycoside (Rf 0.62), and chlorogenic acid (Rf 0.14) as major marker compounds. Antioxidant activity evaluated by DPPH (IC₅₀: 28.4 ± 2.2 μg/mL), ABTS (IC₅₀: 24.8 ± 1.9 μg/mL), and FRAP (1892.6 ± 94.8 μmol FeSO₄ equiv./g) assays was highest for MEMO. In-vitro anti-inflammatory activity was most potent for the ethyl acetate extract (EAEMO:...
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