Posted by admin on Dec 1, 2014 in |
The leaf of Verbena officinalis was collected, air dried under the shed, powdered, soaked in and extracted with 80% methanol. The crude extract was tested for it’s in-vitro antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. coli using agar disc diffusion method. Antibacterial assay was made using extract concentrations of 250 mg/ml, 500 mg/ml, and 1000 mg/ml. The extract showed a concentration-dependent zone of inhibition against the test bacteria. The strongest activity (largest zone of inhibition, 20.38 mm) was obtained at the concentration of 1000 mg/ml against S. aureus. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of V. officinalis against S. aureus and E. coli were determined to be 0.019 mg/ml and 0.313 mg/ml respectively. Phytochemical analysis was also conducted on the powdered leaf of the plant. Seven secondary metabolites including chromophores, polyphenols, saponin, phytosterols, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides and tannins were detected from this medicinal plant. The observed antibacterial activity could be attributed to the presence of these secondary metabolites which have been associated with varying degrees of antibacterial activities. In conclusion,...
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Posted by admin on Dec 1, 2014 in |
Cocoa and chocolate can also be rich sources of flavonoids. Flavanols isolated from cocoa exhibit strong antioxidant properties in-vitro. Flavanol-rich cocoa and chocolate increased plasma antioxidant capacity and reduced platelet reactivity. Flavonoids are phenolic substances isolated from a wide range of vascular plants, almost over 8000 individual compounds known. They act in plants as antioxidants. Many studies have suggested that flavonoids exhibit biological activities, including antiallergenic, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and vasodilating actions. Most interest has been devoted to the antioxidant activity of flavonoids, which is due to their capability to reduce the free radical formation and to scavenge free radicals. Most ingested flavonoids are extensively degraded to various phenolic acids, some of which still contain a radical scavenging ability. Both the absorbed flavonoids and their metabolites may display an in-vivo antioxidant activity. This review presents the current knowledge on structural aspects of most common flavonoids as in-vivo antioxidant and their effects on platelets, bioavailability, and cardiovascular...
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Posted by admin on Dec 1, 2014 in |
Moxifloxacin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic. Moxifloxacin is a 4th generation fluoroquinolone. Chemically it is 8-methoxy-fluoroquinolone. It acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase, a type topoisomerase II and topoisomerase IV. These are enzymes which are necessary for separation of bacterial DNA, so inhibits the replication of the cell. Its study was based on single-drug delivery, intravenous. The apparatus which have been used is a reversed-phase Li Christopher RP-18 with a column and a mobile phase comprising different solvents. Fluorescence detection was carried out at a higher wavelength of 290 nm and an emission wavelength of 550 nm. This method causes a short retention time (8.0 min) for moxifloxacin. The linear curves were obtained from 5-250 μg/L in plasma and from 0.1-2.5 μg/g of brain tissue. Limit of quantification (LOD) was 5 μg/L in plasma and 0.1 μg/g in brain tissue. The method causes the detection of systemic antimicrobial agents in plasma and CNS of infected mice by Listeria...
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Posted by admin on Dec 1, 2014 in |
Amino acids are biologically active substances, and a number of them are essential for living beings. Amino acids are found in living cells as well as in body fluids of higher animals, in amounts, which vary according to the tissue and particular amino acid. Amino acid analysis refers to the methodology used to determine the amino acid composition or content of proteins, peptides, and other pharmaceutical preparations. Proteins and peptides are macromolecules consisting of covalently bonded amino acid residues organized as a linear polymer. The sequence of the amino acids in a protein or peptide determines the properties of the molecule. Proteins are considered large molecules that commonly exist as folded structures with a specific conformation, while peptides are smaller and may consist of only a few amino acids. Amino acid analysis can be used to quantify protein and peptides, to determine the identity of proteins or peptides based on their amino acid composition, to support protein and peptide structure analysis, to evaluate fragmentation strategies for peptide mapping, and...
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Posted by admin on Dec 1, 2014 in |
Simarouba glauca is one of the important herbal drugs used against dysentery and has a long history in herbal medicine in many countries. The bark and leaf extract of Simarouba is well known for its different types of pharmacological properties such as hemostatic, antihelminthic, antiparasitic, antidysenteric, antipyretic and anti-cancerous. The bark is used to cure fever, malaria, stomach and bowel disorders, haemorrhages, amoebiasis as well as leaf, fruit pulp and seeds are possessing medicinal properties such as analgesic, antimicrobial, antiviral, astringent emmenagogue, stomachic tonic, and vermifuge. The crushed seeds are used as Antigo against snake bites. The crude drug contents and active principles such as glaucarubin, quassinoids, ailanthinone, benzoquinone, holacanthone, melamine, simaroubidin, simarolide, simarubin, simarubolide, sitosterol. These are mainly involved in the pharmacological activities of this plant. The present review summarizes pharmacological, biotechnological, ethnobotanical phytochemical aspects as well as nursery practices of this medicinal...
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