Posted by admin on May 15, 2026 in |
A series of novel benzoxazole derivatives (4a–4i) were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their in-vitro antifungal activity against seven phytopathogenic fungi, including G. saubinetii, T. cucumeris, S. sclerotiorum, V. dahliae, F. oxysporum, P. capsici and F. proliferatum, using the mycelial growth inhibition method. All compounds were initially screened at 100 mg/L, and active compounds were further assessed for EC₅₀ values. The synthesized derivatives showed moderate to excellent antifungal activity, with compound 4g exhibiting the most potent and broad-spectrum inhibition, outperforming standard fungicides mandipropamid and hymexazol. Compounds 4f and 4h also displayed strong activity against selected fungal strains. Structure–activity relationship analysis indicated that halogen substitution significantly influenced antifungal efficacy. The results suggest that benzoxazole-based scaffolds, particularly compound 4g, represent promising leads for the development of new antifungal agents for agricultural...
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Posted by admin on May 15, 2026 in |
Liposomes are spherical vesicles with one or more concentric peel of phospholipid bilayers enclosing an aqueous core. Liposomes, which can be nontoxic or biodegradable, are a strong delivery system of tranches of drugs. Liposomes (or lipid vesicles) are a type of platform with different applications, for example as carriers that take drugs or other macromolecules into the bodies of humans and animals. The review covers traditional and advanced methods of liposomal preparation and stresses how these methods influence the marketability of liposomes. The review emphasises the need for research on properties of lecithin and modulators, which may improve the stability of liposomes. At present, liposomal vesicles are utilised to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of active compounds and to facilitate the controlled release of pharmaceuticals, thereby extending the biological half-life or diminishing the toxicity of the active ingredients. This paper looks at the latest changes in the way liposomal systems work, especially those that have happened in the last ten years. The procedures for system preparation, characterisation, and application are...
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Posted by admin on May 15, 2026 in |
Medicinal plants are an invaluable source of bioactive compounds with therapeutic potential. Pedalium murex, commonly known as “Gokhru,” has been traditionally used in Ayurveda for managing urological disorders, reproductive health, and inflammatory conditions. This study aimed to perform a comprehensive phytochemical investigation, extraction, and quantification of bioactive constituents in the hydro-alcoholic extract of P. murex leaves. Organoleptic, physicochemical, and preliminary phytochemical evaluations confirmed the presence of carbohydrates, proteins, flavonoids, glycosides, terpenoids, and phytosterols, while saponins, tannins, and alkaloids were absent. The extract yield was 11.87% w/w, and HPLC analysis enabled the identification and quantification of flavonoids, with quercetin and rutin detected at retention times of 2.597 ± 0.08 min and 7.621 ± 0.53 min, respectively. Method validation demonstrated excellent linearity, precision, accuracy, and sensitivity, indicating the reliability of the developed RP-HPLC method for routine quality control. These findings validate the traditional use of P. murex and establish a scientific basis for its standardization, providing a foundation for the development of herbal formulations and nutraceutical...
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Posted by admin on May 15, 2026 in |
Orthosiphon thymiflorus (Roth) Sleesen (Lamiaceae), locally known as “Kattuthritha” or “Neer-naadan,” is a perennial herb valued in South Indian and Southeast Asian traditional medicine for its diuretic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-diabetic properties. Despite its ethnopharmacological relevance, comprehensive pharmacognostic standards for this species are lacking, hindering quality control and authentication. This study addresses this gap by establishing detailed pharmacognostic, physicochemical, and phytochemical profiles for the whole plant. Authenticated plant material underwent macroscopic and organoleptic evaluation, microscopic analysis of leaf, stem, and root transverse sections, and powder microscopy. Physicochemical parameters were determined per WHO guidelines. Preliminary and quantitative phytochemical analyses were performed on chloroform and ethanolic extracts. Macroscopic findings confirmed characteristic Lamiaceae features: quadrangular stems and opposite, ovate-lanceolate, serrate leaves. Microscopy revealed a dorsiventral leaf structure, diacytic stomata, glandular trichomes, and collateral vascular bundles. Physicochemical values included total ash (8.5% w/w), acid-insoluble ash (2% w/w), water-soluble extractive (4% w/w), alcohol-soluble extractive (2% w/w), and loss on drying (1.29 g). Phytochemical screening identified phenols, flavonoids, and triterpenoids, with ethanolic extracts exhibiting a richer...
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Posted by admin on May 15, 2026 in |
Nanobots and smart drug delivery system is one of the radical convergences of nanotechnology and mainstream medicine with unprecedented precision, efficiency and control in therapeutic intervention. Conventional methods of delivering drugs are usually limited by low bioavailability, non-selective distribution, systemic toxicity and variable drug levels that can result in a low level of efficacy and side effects. Conversely, nanobots, engineered nanoscale systems, with the ability to navigate the biological world, and smart drug delivery systems, offer targeted, controlled, and stimuli-responsive therapeutic solutions, thereby overcoming most of these issues. Nanobots are usually made of biocompatible polymers, metals, lipids or hybrid composites and may be functionalised with ligands, antibodies or peptides to bind to a particular cellular or molecular target. It is a type of nanoscale machines that are developed to do complicated jobs, such as the delivery of drugs to target sites, biosensing, diagnostics, and even microsurgery. This is because their capacity to cross biological barriers, including the blood-brain barrier, and concentration at disease sites can result in site-directed drug...
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