A REVIEW ON “SANDIGDHA DRAVYAS” OF BHAVAPRAKASHA NIGHANTU
HTML Full TextA REVIEW ON “SANDIGDHA DRAVYAS” OF BHAVAPRAKASHA NIGHANTU
Kinjal Unadkat
Department of Dravyaguna, Noble Ayurveda College and Research Institute, Junagadh, Gujarat, India.
ABSTRACT: “Sandigdha dravyas” is a term used for medicinal plants having controversial botanicals as sources. In current scenario, one of the major controversies is related to identification of drug which creating hurdles for pharmacopoeial standards of the formulations. Certain drugs are under are categorized as controversial drugs as there are confusion to exactly decode the accurate botanical source by names mentioned in Sanskrit as the names are assigned based upon many criteria i.e. morphology, habit, habitat, therapeutic action, some analogies etc. Due to the controversy of appropriate botanical identity, many Divya aushadhidravyas are not in clinical practice for their miraculous effects. Bhavaprakasha Nighantuis one of the important Ayurveda Classics in which the synonyms, properties, actions and uses of the drugs are mentioned. It is compiled to furnish some more information about controversial drugs in ayurvedic texts. Thus here an attempt has been made to prevent the controversy of drugs and establish pharmacopoeial standards of classical Ayurvedic medicinal plants by the government.
Keywords: Sandigdhadravya, Controversial drug, Bhavaprakasha Nighantu, Ayurveda, Nighantu
INTRODUCTION: Ayurveda is perceived as one of the most ancient and well documented system of medicine equally relevant to modern times. The system of medicine is mainly plant based. The medicinal plants are known to be the main source of traditional medicines, phytopharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, many of modern allopathic drugs, household remedies, cosmetics etc. with a very high degree of societal acceptance. However, for global acceptance as well as providing safe and effective Ayurvedic products the drug should be established appropriately.
In Ayurveda, there are many instances of controversy in terms of fundamental principles and their clinical applications. But one of the major controversies is related to identification of drug. The long history of safe usage of Ayurvedic medicines can be extrapolated only when the botanical identity of the plant going into those medicines is established and standardized. Hence proper nomenclature of all crude drugs and establishing their exact botanical origin is a must.
The nighantu literature is one of the important aspects in the study of Ayurveda and especially in the subject of Dravyaguna Vijnana. Bhavaprakasha Nighantu 1 is one of them and is the nighantu of modern time period. The author Bhavamishra wrote the treaties in 16th century AD. Acharya Bhavamishra has mentioned controversial and non controversial drugs in some Vargas among 23 vargas. The review attempts at focusing on the Sandigdha dravya (controversial drugs) from Bhavaprakashanighantu. The list of the controversial drugs was observed as follows.
Observations 1:
TABLE 1: SANDIGDHA DRAVYAS MENTIONED IN HARITAKYADIVARGA
Sr. no. | Name of the Drug | Controversy regarding to drug | Page no. | Suggested drug |
Haritakyadivarga | ||||
1. | Ajamoda | Apium graveolens Linn. Seseli indicum W.& A. Thymus serpyllum Linn. | 26 | Apium graveolens Linn. |
2. | Methika | Trigonella foenum- graecum Linn. Medicago sativa Linn. Trigonella corniculataLinn. | 36 | Trigonella foenum- graecum Linn. |
3. | Vacha | Acorus calamus Linn. Alpinia galanga Willd. Paris polyphylla Sm. Iris germanica Linn. Alpinia officinarum Hance, Zingiber zerumbet Rosc. | 42 | Acorus calamus Linn. |
4. | Chopachini | Smilax china Linn. Smilax macrophyllaRoxb. Smilax glabraRoxb. Smilax lanceaefoliaRoxb.
Smilax ornata Hook. |
46 | Smilax china Linn.
|
5. | Hapusha | Juniperus communis Linn. Tamarix gallica Linn. Flueggealeucopyrus Willd. Juniperus macropoda Boiss. | 48 | Juniperus communis Linn. |
6. | Vidanga | EmbeliaribesBurm. f. Embeliatsjeriam- cottam A. DC. Myrsineafricana Linn. | 50 | Embeliaribes Burm. f. |
7. | Tumburu | Zanthoxylum alatum Roxb. Zanthoxylum rhestaDC. | 54 | Zanthoxylum alatum Roxb. |
8. | Katuka | Picrorhizakurroa Royle. Gentiana kurroo Royle Helleborus niger Linn. | 67 | Picrorhizakurroa Royle. |
9. | Rasna | Pluchia lanceolata Oliver & Hiern. Inula racemosa Hook. Vanda roxburghii R. Br. Acampepapillosa Lindl. Tylophoraasthmatica W. & A. Polygonum glabrum Willd. Heliotropiumstrigosum Willd. Lepidagathistrinervis Nees. | 76 | Pluchia lanceolata Oliver & Hiern.
|
10. | Machika | Solanum nigrum Linn. Hibiscus cannabinus Linn. Tamarix articulata Vahl. Tamarix gallica Linn. | 82 | Tamarix articulata Vahl. |
11. | Jyotishmati | Celastruspaniculatus Willd. Cardiospermumhalicacabum Linn. | 86 | CelastruspaniculatusWilld. |
12. | Kushtha | Saussurealappa C. B. Clarke Saussureahypoleuca Spreng. Salvia lanata Roxb. Inula racemosa Hook. f. Senecio jacquemontianus Sm. Costus speciosus | 87 | Saussurealappa C. B. Clarke |
13. | Pushkaramula | Inula racemosa Hook. f. Iris germanica Linn. Iris florentina Linn. | 91 | Inula racemosa Hook. f. |
14. | Katuparni | Argemone Mexicana Linn. Euphorbia thomsoniana Boiss. Garcinia Morella Desr. Euphorbia pilosa Linn. | 93 | Argemone mexicana Linn. |
15. | Karkatashringi | Pistacia integerrima Stew. Rhus succedania Linn. | 95 | Pistacia integerrima Stew. |
16. | Kataphala | Myrica esculenta Buch.- Ham. Myristica malabarica Lam. Careya arboreaRoxb. | 97 | Myrica esculenta Buch.- Ham. |
17. | Bharangi | Clerodendrumserratum Spreng. Picrasmaquassioides Ben. Premnaherbacea Roxb.
Clerodendrum siphonanthus R.Br. |
98 | Clerodendrumserratum Spreng. |
18. | Pashanabheda | Saxifraga ligulata Wall. Aerva lanata Juss. Kalanchoe pinnata Pers. Coleus aromaticus Benth. Homonoia riparia Lour. Rotula aquatica Lour. Ocimumbasilicum Linn. Iris pseudacorus Linn. Ammaniabaccifera Linn. Bridelia retusa Spreng. Didymocarpus pedicillata R. Br. | 101 | Saxifraga ligulata Wall.
|
19. | Daruharidra | Berberis aristata DC. Berberis asiaticaRoxb.
Berberis lyceum Royle |
114 | Berberis aristata DC. |
20. | Bakuchi | Psoralea corylifolia Linn. Vernonia anthelmintica Willd. | 119 | Psoralea corylifolia Linn. |
21. | Chakramarda | Cassia tora Linn. Cassia obtusifolia Linn. | 121 | Cassia tora Linn. |
22. | Ativisha | Aconitum heterophyllum Wall. Aconitum palmatum D. Don Cryptocornye spiralis Fisch. | 122 | Aconitum heterophyllum Wall. |
23. | Lodhra | Symplocosracemosa Roxb. Symplocoscrataegoides Buch. Excoecariaagallocha Linn. | 124 | Symplocosra cemosa Roxb. |
24. | Rasona | Allium sativum Linn. Allium ascalonicum Linn. Allium leptophyllum Willd. | 126 | Allium sativum Linn. |
25. | Palandu | Allium cepa Linn. Urgenia indica Kunth. Scilla indica Baker | 130 | Allium cepa Linn. |
TABLE 2: SANDIGDHA DRAVYAS MENTIONED IN KARPURADIVARGA
Sr. no. | Name of the Drug | Controversy regarding to drug | Page no. | Suggested drug |
1. | Latakasturi | Hibiscus abelmoscheus Linn. Salix caprea Linn. Hibiscus tetraphyllus Roxb. | 175 | Hibiscus abelmoscheusLinn. |
2. | Agaru | Aquilaria agallocha Roxb. Aquilaria malaccensis Lam. Dysoxylumlabaricum Bedd. Veprisbilocularis W. & A. Anaphalisneelgerriana DC. | 185 | Aquilaria agallochaRoxb. |
3. | Devadaru | Cedrus deodara Roxb.
Polialthia longifolia Benth. & Hook. f. |
187 | Cedrus deodara Roxb. |
4. | Sarala | Pinus longifolia Roxb.
Pinus excelsa Wall. Pinus khasya Royle |
189 | Pinus longifolia Roxb. |
5. | Tagara | Valeriana wallichiiDC.
Valeriana officinalis Linn. Valeriana hardwickiiWall. Asarum europaeum Linn. Salinumvaginatum Wall. |
190 | Valeriana wallichiiDC. |
6. | Kunduru- Shallakiniryasa | Gum resin of Boswellia serrataRoxb.
Gum resin of Boswellia carteriiBirdw. Styrax benzoinDryand |
202
|
Gum resin of Boswellia serrata Roxb. |
7. | Sthula ela | Amomum subulatumRoxb.
Amomum aromaticumRoxb. Peucedanumgrande C.B. Clarke |
211 | Amomum subulatum Roxb. |
8. | Sukshma ela | Elettaria cardamomum Maton.
Heracleum rigens Wall. |
212 | Elettaria cardamomum Maton.
|
9. | Nagakesara | Mesua ferrea Linn.
Ochrocarpuslongifolius Benth. & Hook. |
219 | Mesua ferrea Linn.
|
10. | Hribera | Pavonia odorata willd.
Coleus vettiveroides K.C. Jacob Limnophilia indica Linn. |
227 | Pavonia odorata willd. |
11. | Mura | HelicteresisoraLinn.
Erythriana strictaRoxb. Selinumtenuifolium Wall. |
236 | Helicteresisora Linn. |
12. | Gandhapalashi | Hedychium spicatum Ham.
Kaempferia galangal Linn. |
236 | Hedychium spicatum Ham. |
13. | Priyangu | Callicarpa macrophylla
Vahl. Prunus mahaleb Linn. Aglaia roxburghianaMiq.
|
237 | Callicarpa macrophylla
Vahl.
|
14. | Renuka | Piper aurantiacumWall.
Symphoremapolyandrum Wight Vitex agnus-castus Linn. |
240 | Piper aurantiacum Wall. |
15. | Granthiparna | Polygonum aviculareLinn.
AngelicaglaucaEdgw. Ocimumbasilicum Linn. ClerodendruminfortunatumLinn |
241 | Polygonum aviculare Linn. |
16. | Sthaunyeka | ClerodendruminfortunatumLinn.
Polygonum aviculareLinn. AngelicaglaucaEdgw. |
242 | Clerodendrum infortunatum Linn |
17. | Talisapatra | Abies webbiana Lindl.
Taxus baccata Linn. Rhododendron anthopogon D. Don. Cinnamomum tamala FlacourtiacataphractaRoxb. |
244 | Abies webbiana Lindl.
|
18. | Gandhakokila | Luvunga scandens Roxb.
CiccaacidaLinn. |
249 | Luvunga scandens Roxb. |
19. | Elavaluka | Prunuscerasus Linn.
Gisekiapharnaceoides Linn. |
251 | Prunuscerasus Linn. |
20. | Kaivartamusta | Cyperus plastysilisBr.
Cyperus amabilis Vahl. Zannichellia palustris Linn. Potamogetonpectinatus Linn. Celosia argentea Linn. |
252 | Cyperus plastysilis Br. |
21. | Sprukka | Marsiliaquadrifoliata L.
Trifolium officinale L. Delphinium zalilA & H. AnisomelesmalabaricaR. Br. |
253 | Delphinium zalilA & H. |
TABLE 3: SANDIGDHA DRAVYAS MENTIONED IN GUDUCHYADIVARGA
Sr. no. | Name of the Drug | Controversy regarding to drug | Page no. | Suggested drug |
1. | Gambhari | Gmelina arborea Linn.
Premnaflavescens Ham. Trewianudiflora Linn. |
265 | Gmelina arborea Linn. |
2. | Patala | Stereospermum suaveolens DC.
Stereospermum chelonoides DC. SchreberaswietenioidesRoxb. |
266 | StereospermumsuaveolensDC. |
3. | Shyonaka | Oroxylum indicum Vent. Alianthus excelsa Roxb. | 271 | Oroxylum indicum Vent. |
4. | Shalaparni | Desmodium gangeticum DC.
Urariapicta Desv. Urarialagopoides DC. |
273 | DesmodiumgangeticumDC. |
5. | Prishniparni | Uraria picta Desv.
Desmodium gangeticum DC. Uraria lagopoides DC. |
274 | UrariapictaDesv. |
6. | Brihati | Solanum indicum Linn.
Solanum torvum Swartz Solanum melongana Linn. |
275 | Solanum indicum Linn. |
7. | Gokshura | Tribulus terrestrisLinn.
Tribulusalatus Del. Acanthospermum hispidium DC. |
279 | Tribulus terrestrisLinn. |
8. | Jivanti | Leptadenia reticulata W. & A.
Dendrobium macraei Lindl. Dregia volubilis L.f. Benth Cimicifuga foetida L. Holostemmarheedianum Spreng. |
282 | Leptadenia reticulata W. & A. |
9. | Snuhi | Euphorbia nerrifolia Linn.
Euphorbia acaulisRoxb. Euphorbia nivulia Buch. & Ham. Euphorbia antiquoram Linn. Euphorbia trigona Haw. Euphorbia tirucalliLinn. Euphorbia royleanaBoiss. |
293 | Euphorbia nerrifolia Linn. |
10. | Snuhibheda- Saptala | Euphorbia tirucalli Linn.
Acacia concinna DC. Euphorbia dracunculoides Lam. |
296 | Euphorbia tirucalli Linn. |
11. | Langali | Gloriosa superba Linn.
CostusspeciosusSm. |
299 | Gloriosa superba Linn. |
12. | Dhatura | Datura metel Linn.
Datura stramonium Linn. Datura innoxia Miller |
303 | Datura metel Linn. |
13. | Vasa | Adhatodavasica Nees
Adhatodabeddomei C.B. Clarke Justicia pictaLinn. |
306 | Adhatodavasica Nees |
14. | Parpata | Fumaria indica Pugsley.
Oldenanldiacorymbosa Linn. Polycarpeacorymbosa Lam. Justicia procumbens Linn. Glossocardialinearifolia Cass. Mollugo stricta Linn. |
309 | Fumaria indica Pugsley. |
15. | Mahanimba | Melia azedarach Linn.
Ailanthus excelsRoxb. |
317 | Melia azedarach Linn. |
16. | Kanchanara | Bauhuniavariegata Linn.
Bauhinia purpurea Linn. Bauhinia tomentosa Linn. |
322 | Bauhuniavariegata Linn. |
17. | Aparajita | ClitoriaternateaLinn.
Evolvulusalsinoides Linn. Convolvulus pluricaulis Choisy. Symphoremapolyandrum Wight. Vallarissolanacea Kuntze. Canscora decussata Schult |
327 | ClitoriaternateaLinn. |
18. | Nirgundi | Vitex negundo Linn.
Vitex trifoliaLinn. Nyctanthes arbour-tristis Symphoremapolyandrum Wight. Buddlejaasiatica Lour. |
329 | Vitex negundo Linn. |
19. | Chilhaka | Casearia tomentosa Roxb.
Casearia esculenta Roxb. Salacia chinensis Linn. |
344 | Casearia tomentosa Roxb. |
20. | Tankari | Clerodendrumphlomidis Physalis minima Linn. Physalis indica Linn. | 345 | Physalis minima Linn. |
21. | Vetasa | Salix caprea Linn. Calamus tenuis Roxb. | 345 | Salix caprea Linn. |
22. | Nagabala | Sida humilis Cav. Sida spinosa Linn. Grewia hirsuta Vanb. Grewia populifoia Vahl. | 356 | Sida humilis Cav. |
23. | Karpasi | Gossypium herbaceum Linn. Gossypium arboretum Linn. Thespesia lampas Dalz& Gibs. Hibiscus cancellatus Roxb. | 359 | Gossypium herbaceum Linn. |
24. | Nala | Phragmites kirka Trin. ex Steud.
Lobelia nicotianaefolia Heyne. |
362 | Phragmites kirka Trin. ex Steud. |
25. | Katruna | Cymbopogon martini Wats. Cymbopogon citrates Wats. Cymbopogon jwarancusa Wats. | 368 | Cymbopogon martini Wats. |
26. | Bhutruna | Cymbopogon citrates Wats.
Cymbopogon jwarancusa Wats. |
369 | Cymbopogon citratusWats. |
27. | Varahikanda | Dioscoreabulbifera Linn.
Tacca asperaRoxb. |
372 | Dioscoreabulbifera Linn. |
28. | Vidarikanda | Pueraria tuberosa DC. Trichosanthes cordata Roxb. Ipomoea digitata Linn.
Dioscorea pentaphylla Linn. Lettsomiasetosa Roxb. |
373 | Pueraria tuberosa DC. |
29. | Shweta musali | Asparagus adscendensRoxb.
Chlorophytum arundinaceum Baker |
377 | Asparagus adscendensRoxb. |
30. | Patha | CissampelospaeiraLinn.
Cycleapeltata H.f.& T. Cycleaburmanni Miers. |
381 | CissampelospaeiraLinn. |
31. | Trivritta | Operculinaturpethum S.
Marsdeniatenacissima W. & A. |
383 | OperculinaturpethumS. |
32. | Danti | Baliospermummontanum Muell.
Croton tiglium Linn. Croton polyandrum Jatropha curcas L. |
385 | Baliospermummontanum Muell. |
33. | Indravaruni | Citrullus colocynthis Schrad Cucumis trigonus Roxb. Trichosanthespalmata Roxb. | 389 | Citrullus colocynthisSchrad |
34. | Sharapunkha | Tephrosia purpurea Linn. Tephrosiavillosa Pers. | 393 | Tephrosia purpurea Linn. |
35. | Vruddhadaru | Argyreia speciosa Sweet.
Ipomoea biloba Forsk. Ipomoea petaloidea Chois. |
394 | Argyreia speciosa Sweet. |
36. | Gandhaprasarini | Paederiafoetida Linn.
Merremia tridentateHall.f. Convolvulus arvensis Linn. Leptadeniaspartium Wt. |
409 | Paederiafoetida Linn. |
37. | Trayamana | Delphinium zalil Aitch. & Hemsl.
Thalictrum foliolosum DC. Ficus heterophylla Linn. |
416 | Delphinium zalil Aitch. &Hemsl. |
38. | Murva | Marsdeniatenacissima W. & A.
Sansevieria roxburghianaschult. Bauhinia vahlii W. & A. Clematis gourianaRoxb. Maerua arenaria Hook. Helicteresisora Linn. |
419 | Marsdeniatenacissima W. & A. |
39. | Kakanasa | Pentatropis capensis Linn.
Asclepias curassavica Linn. MartyniadiandraGlox. Thunbergia alataBoj. |
424 | Pentatropis capensis Linn. |
40. | Kakajangha | Peristrophebicalyculata Nees.
Vitex peduncularis Wall. Leea hirtaRoxb. |
426 | Peristrophebicalyculata Nees.
|
41. | Meshashringi | Gymnemasylvestre R.Br.
Dolichandrone falcata Seem. |
428 | Gymnemasylvestre R.Br. |
42. | Somalata | Ephedra gerardiana Wall.
Sarcostemmabrevistigma W. & A. Amanita muscaria Linn. PeriplocaaphyllaDecne. Ceropegiaspecies Peganum harmala Linn. |
430 | Ephedra gerardiana Wall. |
43. | Akashavalli | Cuscutareflexa Roxb.
Cassytha filiformis Linn. |
433 | CuscutareflexaRoxb. |
44. | Vanda | Loranthus longiflorus Desr.
Viscum album Linn. |
435 | Loranthus longiflorusDesr. |
45. | Vamshapatri | Setaria glauca Beauv.
Oplismenusburmanii Beauv. |
437 | Setaria glaucaBeauv. |
46. | Sarpakshi | Opiorrhizamungos Linn.
Polygonum plebejum R. Br. |
438 | Opiorrhizamungos Linn. |
47. | Shamkhapushpi | Convolvulus pluricaulis Chois.
Evolvulusalsinoides Linn. Canscora decussate Schult |
439 | Convolvulus pluricaulis Chois. |
48. | Lajjalu | Mimosa pudicaLinn.
Neptunia oleracea Lour. Biophytumsensitivum DC. |
442 | Mimosa pudicaLinn. |
49. | Dugdhika | Euphorbia hirta Linn.
Euphorbia thymifolia Linn. Euphorbia microphylla Linn. Euphorbia hypericifolia Linn. |
444 | Euphorbia hirta Linn. |
50. | Gojihva | Onosmabracteatum Wall.
Elephantopusscaber L. Coccinia glauca Savi Launaeaaspleniifolia Hook. |
456 | Onosmabracteatum Wall. |
51. | Nagadamani | Sansevieria roxburghiana schult.
Crinum asiaticum Linn. Pupalialappacea Moq. |
458 | Sansevieria roxburghianaschult.
|
52. | Sudarshana | Crinum latifolium Linn.
Crinum asiaticum Linn. Tinosporamalabarica Miers. |
461 | Crinum latifolium Linn. |
53. | Akhukarni | Ipomoea reniformis Chois.
Evolvulusnummularis Linn. Synogramme vestita Wall. |
462 | Ipomoea reniformis Chois. |
54. | Mayurashikha | Elephantopusscaber Linn.
Actinopterisdichotoma Bedd. Adiantum caudatum Linn. Celosia cristata Linn. |
463 | Elephantopusscaber Linn. |
TABLE 4: SANDIGDHA DRAVYAS MENTIONED IN PUSHPAVARGA
Sr. no. | Name of the Drug | Controversy regarding to drug | Page no. | Suggested drug |
1 | Sthalapadma | Ionidiumsuf fruticosum Ging. Hibiscus mutabilis Linn. | 469 | Ionidiumsuffruticosum Ging. |
2 | Kumuda | Nymphaea alba Linn. Nymphea rubraRoxb. Nympheapubescens Willd. Nymphea stellata Willd. | 470 | Nymphaea alba Linn.
|
3 | Variparni | Pistia stratiotes Linn. Eichhornia crassipes Solms. | 471 | Pistia stratiotes Linn. |
4 | Shaivala | Ceretophyllumdemersum Linn. Vellisneria spiralis Linn. | 472 | Ceretophyllum demersum Linn. |
5 | Malati | Jasminum grandiflorum Linn. Aganosmacaryophyllata G. Don. | 477 | Jasminum grandiflorum Linn.
|
6 | Kadamba | Anthocephalus cadamba Miq.
Mytragynaparvifolia Korth Adina cordifolia Benth.& Hook. |
482 | Anthocephalus cadamba Miq. |
7 | Karnikara | Erythrina indica L. Cassia fistula. Abroma augusta, Pterospermum acerifolium Pterospermum suberifolium | 486 | Erythrina indica L. |
8 | Ashoka | Saraca indica Linn. Polyalthia longifolia Benth & Hook. | 487 | Saraca indica Linn. |
TABLE 5: SANDIGDHA DRAVYAS MENTIONED IN VATADIVARGA
Sr. no. | Name of the Drug | Controversy regarding to drug | Page no. | Suggested drug |
1. | Nandivriksha | Ficus retusa Linn. Ficus altissima Blume
Ficus microcarpa Linn. |
503 | Ficus retusa Linn. |
2. | Shala | Shorearobusta Gaertn. f. Dipterocarpus alatus Roxb. | 508 | Shorearobusta Gaertn.f. |
3. | Arjuna | Terminalia arjuna W. & A. Terminalia myriocarpa H. & M. Lactucaserriola Linn.
Lactuca indica Linn. |
511 | Terminalia arjuna W. & A. |
4. | Rohitaka | Tecomellaundulata Seem. Amoorarohituka W. & A. | 515 | TecomellaundulataSeem. |
5. | Katabhi | Albizia procera Roxb.
Careya arborea Roxb. |
531 | Careya arborea Roxb. |
6. | Jalakshirika | Trichodesma zeylanicum R.Br.
Dalbergia volubilis Roxb. |
533 | Trichodesma zeylanicum R.Br. |
7. | Tinisha | Ougeiniadalbergioides Benth.
Lagerstroemia flos- reginae Retz. |
535 | Ougeiniadalbergioides Benth. |
DISCUSSION: India is blessed with one of the richest floras in the world and still there are hundreds of species. Natural sources of medicinal plants are often unable to meet demand for popular herbal drugs. As per the above references it is observed that there are 25 controversial drugs are mentioned in Haritakyadivarga, 21 drugs are mentioned in Karpuradivarga, 54 drugs are mentioned in Guduchyadivarga, 8 drugs are mentioned in Pushpa varga, 7 drugs are mentioned in Vatadivarga and total 115 controversial drugs are mentioned in Bhavaprakashanighantu. Due to the polynomial nomenclature system of medicinal plant names in Sanskrit texts, each classical plant is attributed with many botanical sources i.e. Aparajita and Shamkhapushpi both are in controversy with each other due to having same synonym Vishnukranta. Disruption in traditional teaching and training, non availability of raw material, unwanted dependency over substitutes, documentation defects in the manuscripts and falsification of Vaidyas themselves in identifying herbs are certain practical viewpoints which are also responsible in creating controversy.
Different plant species are taken as Rasna according to region. Shalaparni and Prishniparni are both in controversy in each other due to recognition of Vaidyas. Murvais included in the controversy of Trivritta. Current practice of Ayurvedic physician and Industry is to use one of the several alternative herbs that are considered equivalent to Ayurvedic plant drugs. However, these initiatives would imperatively need establishing correct identity of the plant drug.
CONCLUSION: From the above compilation of controversial drug, it is observed that varieties of plant species have been coined according to numerous criteria like synonyms, non availability of drugs, substitutions, different opinions of Ayurveda physicians and regions. In this article an attempt has been made to find out the controversial drugs from Bhavaprakashanighantu. So, that proper identity of the plant can be established and it can be made easy to establish pharmacopoeial standards of classical Ayurvedic medicinal plants by the government.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: Nil
CONFLICT OF INTEREST: Nil
REFERENCES:
Bhavamishra. Bhavprakasha Nighantu. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Vishvabharati; 2015.
How to cite this article:
Unadkat K: A review on “Sandigdha dravyas” of Shavaprakasha nighantu. Int J Pharmacognosy 2023; 10(8): 470-77. doi link: http://dx.doi.org/10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.IJP.10(8).470-77.
This Journal licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non-commercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported License.
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Kinjal Unadkat
Department of Dravyaguna, Noble Ayurveda College and Research Institute, Junagadh, Gujarat, India.
unadkatkinjal1@gmail.com
14 August 2023
26 August 2023
30 August 2023
10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.IJP.10(8).470-77
31 August 2023