Posted by admin on Jul 31, 2026 in |
Curcumin, the principal polyphenolic constituent of Curcuma longa (turmeric), possesses potent anti-inflammatory activity. Despite remarkable pharmacological potential, clinical translation of curcumin is severely restricted by its drawbacks. The present study aimed to develop, optimize, and evaluate curcumin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles using Box-Behnken Design (BBD), and to compare their in-vitro antiinflammatory activity with free curcumin and the reference. Curcumin was extracted from dried Curcuma longa rhizomes and purified by silica gel column chromatography. An HPLC-UV analytical method was developed and fully validated per ICH Q2(R1) guidelines. The optimized formulation was characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS), TEM, SEM, FTIR, DSC, and XRPD. In-vitro drug release, antiinflammatory activity and stability studies were conducted. Extracted curcumin showed 98.6% HPLC purity and confirmed identity by UV, FTIR, and melting point. BBD optimization yielded an optimal formulation with particle size 186.4 ± 7.8 nm, PDI 0.194 ± 0.018, zeta potential +28.6 ± 2.4 mV, and encapsulation efficiency 87.2 ± 1.6%. Solid-state characterization confirmed amorphous dispersion of curcumin within the chitosan matrix. Drug release followed 84.6%...
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Posted by admin on Jul 31, 2026 in |
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a complex metabolic disorder of global epidemic proportions, characterised by chronic hyperglycaemia. Current pharmacological agents, despite their efficacy, has some disadvantages. The present study was designed to develop, optimise, and standardise a polyherbal antidiabetic tablet formulation comprising five scientifically validated medicinal plants Gymnema sylvestre, Momordica charantia, Trigonella foenum graecum, Moringa oleifera, and Azadirachta indica. Standardised dry extracts characterised for yield, total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and HPLC marker compound content. In-vitro antidiabetic activity was evaluated by alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase inhibition assays. Isobolographic analysis identified the pentaherbal combination at a 3:1:1:1:1 ratio (Gymnema:Momordica:Trigonella:Moringa:Azadirachta) as the optimal synergistic combination, with a combination index (CI) of 0.38, indicating strong synergism. Polyherbal antidiabetic tablets were prepared by wet granulation and optimised using a Box-Behnken Design. The optimised tablets met all IP 2022 specifications. HPTLC fingerprinting confirmed the identity of all five plant components. A validated HPLC method for simultaneous quantification of gymnemic acid, charantin, and quercetin meeting ICH Q2(R1) requirements. The formulation exhibited superior in-vitro antidiabetic...
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Posted by admin on Jul 31, 2026 in |
Carbon dots (CDs) have emerged as an important class of carbon-based nanomaterials owing to their excellent photoluminescence, biocompatibility, low toxicity, aqueous dispersibility, and versatile surface chemistry. The present study focused on the synthesis and physicochemical characterization of nitrogen-doped carbon dots prepared through a simple hydrothermal method using citric acid monohydrate as the carbon source and polyethyleneimine (PEI) as the nitrogen-doping agent. The synthesis was carried out at 200°C for 7 hours in a Teflon-lined autoclave, followed by purification through dialysis and membrane filtration to obtain highly purified carbon dot suspensions. The synthesized carbon dots were comprehensively characterized using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), Zeta Potential Analysis, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Fluorescence Spectroscopy, UV–Visible Spectroscopy, and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA). TEM analysis revealed uniformly distributed quasi-spherical nanoparticles with an average particle size of 4.8 ± 1.2 nm. DLS measurements indicated a hydrodynamic diameter of 7.2 ± 0.8 nm and a polydispersity index of 0.18 ± 0.03, confirming a monodisperse system. The positive zeta potential value of +32.5...
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Posted by admin on Jul 31, 2026 in |
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia arising from insulin resistance and progressive β-cell dysfunction. Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a heterotrimeric serine/threonine kinase and central cellular energy sensor, has emerged as an attractive pharmacological target because its activation enhances peripheral glucose uptake, suppresses hepatic gluconeogenesis, promotes fatty-acid oxidation, and improves insulin sensitivity. A growing body of phytochemical research indicates that numerous medicinal plants and their bioactive constituents lower blood glucose, at least in part, by engaging this pathway. This review synthesizes current evidence on herbal AMPK activators relevant to hyperglycemia, and a broader catalog of emerging phenolic and terpenoid activators. Mechanistic data from cell-based, animal, and clinical studies are summarized, molecular docking and structure–activity findings are reviewed, and translational challenges relating to bioavailability, nanoformulation, extract standardization, polyherbal synergy, herb–drug interactions, and mechanistic specificity are discussed in depth. Herbal AMPK activators represent a promising, multi-target complement to conventional antidiabetic therapy, warranting rigorously designed clinical trials to establish optimal dosing, efficacy, and long-term...
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Posted by admin on Jul 31, 2026 in |
Adenium obesum, commonly known as Desert Rose, belongs to the family Apocynaceae and is widely distributed in Africa and tropical regions. Traditionally valued as an ornamental and medicinal plant, it possesses diverse pharmacological properties attributed to its rich phytochemical composition, including alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, terpenoids, tannins, and phenolic compounds. Various studies have demonstrated its antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritic, antidiabetic, anti-obesity, wound healing, anticancer, and trypanocidal activities. Different plant parts such as flowers, leaves, roots, stems, and bark have shown significant biological activities through in-vitro and in-vivo investigations. The pharmacological effects are strongly influenced by extraction methods and solvent polarity. This review summarizes the taxonomy, ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry, and major pharmacological activities of Adenium obesum, highlighting its therapeutic potential and future prospects in phytopharmaceutical...
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