SIGNIFICANCE OF CYPERUS ROTUNDUS (NAGARMOTHA), A NOXIOUS WEED IN AYURVEDA
HTML Full TextSIGNIFICANCE OF CYPERUS ROTUNDUS (NAGARMOTHA), A NOXIOUS WEED IN AYURVEDA
Isha Kumari, HemlataKaurav and Gitika Chaudhary *
Shuddhi Ayurveda JeenSikho Lifecare Pvt. Ltd. Zirakpur, Punjab India.
ABSTRACT: It is a very old practice of using herbal plants for the maintenance of health. The demand for herbal remedies has been increased rapidly over the past few years. This is due to the beneficial health impacts of herbal products on the living systems. Cyperus rotundus, commonly called as nagarmotha, purple nutsedge or nutgrass, is a perennial grass that belongs to Cyperacea family. It is a cosmopolitan weed plant found in almost every corner of the tropical, subtropical, and temperate regions. It is a widely used plant in traditional systems of medicine, especially in Ayurveda and folk systems around the world, for its useful remedial properties in indigestion, constipation, dysentery, abdominal distention, cholera, skin diseases, diabetes, furuncle infections, sprains and bruises, fever and stomach ache, etc. It exhibits extraordinary therapeutic properties like antioxidant activity, antidiabetic activity, anti-inflammatory, antiplatelet, antimalarial, anti-diarrheal, anti-allergic, anti-tumor, analgesic activities, hepato-protective. The present review aims to provide information related to phytochemistry, traditional uses in Ayurveda and folk medicinal system, and therapeutic properties of Cyperus rotundus.
Keywords: Nagarmotha, Patchoulane, Rasapanchak, Hepatoprotective, Antibacterial
INTRODUCTION: Humans rely completely on mother nature as it has been served as the primary source of numerous medicines for thousands of years 1, 2. It has gifted us several important medicinal plants, which are the extraordinary source of traditional and modern drugs. Therefore, the plant kingdom is entitled to “the treasure house of potential drugs” 3, 4. Phyto-chemicals present in them are medically important because these exhibit biological properties and served as chemical entities for synthetic drugs.
They have a major role in the nutraceutical and cosmetic industry in Global and domestic markets 5-12. Plant-based products are called herbal / botanical drugs, phytomedicines, etc. These have several advantages over synthetic drugs, such as they are easily available, safe, less expensive and exhibit negligible adverse impacts on the living systems 13-15. According to WHO, herbal medicines are categorized as raw plant materials, processed plant materials and medicinal herbal products 16.
Secondary metabolites are major organic compounds present in the medicinal plants having definite, suitable and compatible physiological action on the living system, which cause negligible side effects 17-19. The estimated reports of WHO conclude that 80% of the population of the world relies mainly on herbal medicines 20-24. As per WHO, around 20,000 important medicinal plants are known to exist in 91 countries, including 12 mega biodiversity countries 25. Asia represents a long history of utilization of medicinal plants for treating human ailments. These are used to treat chronic as well as infectious diseases 26. World biodiversity centers include India, which has a very rich history of using medicinal plants for various purposes, especially for health-related problems. More than 45000 different plants have been found in different regions of India; therefore, it is considered as the Botanical garden of the world 27, 28. These medicinal plants are majorly promoted by traditional systems of medicines 29.
Herbal medicines are also mentioned in classical Indian texts such as Rigveda, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita, and Sushruta Samhita 30. In India, the most ancient traditional medicine system is Ayurveda which focuses on treating diseases as well as it prevents the occurrence of illnesses. Almost 600 medicinal plants are being used in Ayurvedic practices 31, 32, 33.
In Europe, herbal medicines contribute a lot to the pharmaceutical industry 34. In an ancient encyclopedia of traditional Chinese medicine named Materia Medica's compendium, more than 1,000 different plant species are described 35. Medicinal plants are being used in health maintenance practices in China for many years 36, 37. The major importers of Traditional Chinese Medicine are Japan, Hong Kong, Korea and Singapore.
These countries take 66% share of China’s total herbal drug export 38. Traditional medicines are served as the primary healthcare system in South Africa and West Africa 39, 40. Swazi and Nigerian population still solely depends upon traditional herbal medicines 41, 42. Turkey has rich plant diversity. Around 10,500 different plant species are known to exist within the borders among which 30% are indigenous to Turkey 43, 44.
Approximately 600 medicinal plants and 900 herbal drugs have been described by Dioscorides 45. Medicinal plants are used in almost all cultures around the world. One such important medicinal plant is Cyperus rotundus Fig. 1, commonly called Nagarmotha motha or musta in India and globally known as purple nutsedge.
It belongs to Cyperaceae family 46. The word Cyperus have originated from a Greek name of the genus called “Kuperos or Cypeiros” which means sedge, whereas the species name rotundusis a Latin word that means round and thus rotundus refers to the tuber 47, 48. Genus Cyperus has 600 different species found throughout the world 49.
This medicinal plant was used as an herbal medicine in ancient times. Its medicinal importance was described by Dioscorides (c40–90 AD) and Pliny (23–70 AD) 50. In ancient Egypt, Cyperus rotundus tubers were used in embalming and perfumes 51. C. rotundus is consumed as a vegetable in Yelka. Its tubers and seeds are edible parts. Tubers are consumed either raw or cooked. The dried form of tubers is consumed as cereal 52-56.
Rhizomes and tubers are mostly used in traditional systems of medicine of India, China, and Japan against inflammatory diseases, stomach-related problems, and irritable bowel 57, 58. It has a wide variety of phytochemicals present in it. The essential oil extracted from C. rotundus exhibits antibacterial activity 59.
It is associated with therapeutic properties like antioxidant activity, antidiabetic activity, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic activities, hepatoprotective etc. 60-65
Apart from its therapeutic uses, it has been called the world's worst weed because it destroys the crops like sugar cane, corn, cotton, rice, and many vegetables in many countries 66. Vernacular names and taxonomic classification of C. rotundus is given in Table 1 and 2, respectively.
FIG. 1: CYPERUS ROTUNDUS
TABLE 1: VERNACULAR NAMES OF CYPERUS ROTUNDUS 67, 68
English | Coco grass, Nut-grass, Nutsedge, Purple nut-grass, Purple nutsedge |
Hindi | Nagarmotha, Korehi-jhar, Motha, Mutha |
Sanskrit | Chakranksha, CharukesaraAbda, Ambuda, |
Urdu | Saad kuf |
Arabic | Soad, Soadekufi |
Bengali | Nagarmotha, Moothoo, Musta, |
Burma | Vomonniu |
Gujarat | Nagaramothaya |
Malaya | Mushkezamin |
Turkish | Topalak |
Telugu | hadra-muste, Gandala, Kaivartakamuste. |
Germany | Nußgras, Rundeszypergras |
Japanese | Hamasuge |
Thailand | Yahaeo mu, Yakhon mu |
Nepalese | Mothe |
Chinese | Hsiang-fu, Suo cao. |
Arab | Suadkuf |
Italian | Ciperoorientale, Ciperorotondo. |
Spanish | Castañuela, Cebollín |
Persian | Mushkzer-e-zameen |
Portuguese | Junça, Junca-aromatica |
TABLE 2: TAXONOMIC CLASSIFICATION OF CYPERUS ROTUNDUS 69
Taxonomic Rank | Taxon |
Kingdom | Plantae |
Division | Angiosperms |
Class | Dicots |
Subclass | Commelinids |
Order | Poales |
Family | Cyperaceae |
Genus | Cyperus |
Species | rotundus |
Common names | Nut-grass, Nagarmotha. |
Morphology of Cyperus rotundus: Cyperus rotundus is a dark green grass-like perennial, monocotyledonous bisexual herb that attains a height of up to 40 cm. It consists of underground tuberous roots/rhizomes which are fragrant. The tubers 1- 3.5 cm long and are achromatic in color from the outside whereas reddish-white from inside. There are multiple buds present on each tuber. Below the ground, it forms a vast network of basal bulbs, fibrous roots.
The stem of this plant is nodosely thickened at the base, which suddenly transformed into a wiry rhizome, whereas it is sub solitary, triquetrous at the top. Rhizomes and tubers are born in the manner of the chain. The leaves are 2-6 mm wide and are mostly basal and dark green in color. A prominent midrib is present over the leaves surface, which is somewhat tapered at the tips.
Leaves are long, which overlapped the stem. A compound umbel is present where flowers are borne in clusters that are 25mm long. The spikes are short, ovate, 2.5 cm long, 2–3 mm wide and are loosely spicate of 3 8 spikelets. Spikelets are flattened in shape. It is 12-30 flowering plant. The rachilla is winged. The inflorescence is 10cm long and is compound or simple with 3–9 primary branches. The seeds are present in the form of trigonous nuts 70-74.
Geographical Distribution of Cyperus rotundus: It is a native plant of India found up to a height of 2000 meters, but there are some beliefs regarding its origin like it is believed that this plant originated in northern and eastern regions of Australia 75. This global species grows mainly in tropical, subtropical and temperate regions of the world such as Asia, South Africa, South America, etc. 76-78
It is found in 92 countries like Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Palestine, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Russian Federation, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, China, Japan, Korea, Taiwan, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Austria, Switzerland, Albania, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, Romania, Serbia, Slovenia, France, Portugal, Spain, Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Northern Mariana Islands, USA, Mexico, Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Argentina, Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia, Western Sahara, Chad, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia, Sudan, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Burundi, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Rwanda, Zaire, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cote D’Ivoire, Ghana, Guinea, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo, Angola, Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland 79. It grows rapidly and single species can produce up to 40,000 kg/hectare of underground plant material. It grows well in light (sandy) and medium (loamy) soils of acid, neutral and basic nature. It prefers moist or wet soil 80. It grows mainly in fields, farmlands, neglected areas, wastelands, grasslands, forest edges, roadsides, sandy or gravelly shores, riverbanks, rice and sugar fields, watercourse, irrigation canal banks, in disturbed areas and lawns/turf 81.
Phytochemistry of Cyperus rotundus: C. rotundus contains several phytochemical constituents of various classes like fat, gum resins, carbohydrates, essential oils alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, terpenoids, mono-and sesquiterpenes, albuminous matters, fibers, and ash 82-86.
Sesquiterpenes: C. rotundus possess diverse skeletons of sesquiterpenes such as patchoulane, rotundane, eudesmane, guaiane, cadinane and caryophyllene types. Patchoulane type sesquiterpenes such as patchoulane-1 (cyperene-3, 8-dione), patchoulane-2 (14-hydroxy cyper-otundone), patchoulane-3 (14-acetoxy cyperotundone), patchoulane-4 (3β-hydroxy-cyperenoic acid), patchoulane-5 (sugetriol-3, 9-diacetate) is present in Cyperus rotundus. Whereas eudesman-6 and 7 are known to be present in this plant. Other eudesman (15–21 and 23–24) are present in this plant [87,88].Two novel sesquiterpenes named isocyperotundone (1) and 1,4-epoxy-4-hydroxy-4,5-seco-guain-11-en-5-one (2) are reported to be present in this plant 89.
Flavonoids: Flavonoids like vitexin, orientin, cinaroside, quercetin 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, and myrcetin 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, isnagin, khellin, ammiol, isorhamnetin, and tricin, luteolin 3`-methyl ether, Luteolin 7, 3`-dimethyl ether, Luteolin 5, 3`-dimethyl ether, luteolin4`-glucoside, Luteolin 7-diglucoside, tricin 5-glucoside, kaempferol are present in Cyperus rotundus. A novel falavonol derivative is discovered in this plant named as cyperaflavoside (myricetin 3,3′,5′-trimethyl ether 7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside) 90, 91.
Steroids: Steroidal glycoside, sitosteryl-(6'-hentriacontanoyl)-β-dgalactopyranoside, sitosterol, stigmasterol, sitosterol glucoside, stigmasterol glucoside, chrysoeriol, kaempferol, luteolin, quercetin, rutinand khellol -D-glucopyranoside are known steroids which are present in Cyperus rotundus 92, 93.
Phenylpropanoid: Cyperus rotundus tuber and rhizomes consist of phenylpropanoid compounds such asp-Coumaric acid, ferulic acid, isoaragoside, chionoside A, helioside C 94, 95.
Phenolic Compounds: P-Hydroxybenzoic acid, protocatechuic acid, vanillic acid, ellagic acid, salicylic acid, protocatechuic acid, caffeic acid and p coumaric acid are some known phenolic compounds present in Cyperus rotundus tubers and aerial parts 96, 97.
Iridoides, Benzodihydrofurans, and Miscllea-nous: Rotunduside A, rotunduside B, 6``-O-p-Coumaroylgenipin gentiobioside, 1-[2,3-Dihydro-6- hydroxy-4,7-dimethoxy2S-(prop-1-en-2- yl) benzo-furan-5- yl]ethanone, 2S-Isopropenyl-4,8- dimethoxy-5-methyl-2,3- dihydrobenzo-[1,2-b;5,4- b`]difuran, 2S-Isopropenyl-4,8- dimethoxy-5-hydroxy-6- methyl-2,3- dihydrobenzo[1,2-b;5,4- b`]difuran, 1α-Methoxy-3βhydroxy-4α-(3′,4′- dihy-droxyphenyl)-1, 2,3,4- tetrahydronaphthalin, 1α,3β-Dihydroxy-4α- (3′,4′-dihydroxyphenyl)- 1,2,3,4- tetrahydronaphthalin, 4,7-Dimethyl tetralone, n-Butyl-β-D-fructopyranoside, Ethyl--D-gluco-pyranoside all these compounds fall under this category of phytochemicals 98-100.
Essential Oils with their Percentage: Cyperus rotundus contains good amount of essential oils in it, for example it contains α-pinene 2.87, cyclopentene-3-ethylidene-1-methyl 0.24, sabinene 0.43, βpinene 2.13, p-cymene, 0.18, 1-limonene 0.28, 8-cineole 0.36, trans-pinocarveol 7.92, terpinen-4-ol 0.59, citronellal 0.76, 4,4-dimethyl-tricyclo-(3,2,1) octan-6-on 1.56, pcymen-8-ol 1.96, 1-α-terpineol 1.45, cis dihydrocarvone 0.38, myrtenol 1.86, verbenone 1.55, 1-β-4,4-trimethylbicyclo (3,2) hept-6-en-2-ol - 1.05, trans-carveol 0.48, carvone 1.95, carvenone 0.32, α-cubebene 0.40, dihydrocarvylacetate0.93, α-copaene 3.02, isolongifoline 1.66, cyperene 7.83, trans-caryophyllene 3.08, dihydroaromadendrene 1.47, aromadendrene-epoxide 2.51, naphthalene, 1,6-dimethyl-4-(1-methyl ethyl) 1.09, α-silenene 0.55, cis-calamenene 0.42, trans-calamenene 0.57, elema-1,3,11 (13)-trien-12-ol 0.64, caryophyllene-oxide 2.86, , caryophylla-2(12), 6(13) dien-5-one 1.95, cyclohexane, 1,1,2-trimethyl,3,5 bis- 1- methyl ethyl) 0.97, , isopropyl, 4a β, 8a β-dimethyl 3.69, longiverbenone 1.09, 10-epi-α-cyperone 1.00, (+) oxo-α-ylangene 9.35, (+) α”cyperone 9.07, caryophyllenol 2.11, vulgarol A 1.13, vellerdiol 0.77, aristolone 3.54, vulgarol B 0.98, ledenoxide 1.34, dimethyl-7-isopropenyl-bicyclo-Dec-1-en-3-one 2.95, longifolinaldehyde 0.27 and longipynocarvone 2.95 101.
FIG. 2: CHEMICAL STRUCTURES OF SOME OF THE PHYTOCHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF CYPERUS ROTUNDUS
Traditional and Modern View of Cyperus rotundus:
- Ayurvedic View: Ayurveda works on three body components/doshas of the body i.e., Kapha (water & earth), pitta (fire), and Vata (space &air). An equilibrium between these three doshas is important for a healthy and balanced life 102, 103. Cyperus rotundus is an important medicinal plant that holds a significant place in Ayurveda due to its extraordinary therapeutic properties. It is Kapha-pitta hara i.e., it balances the kapha and pitta dosha of the body 104. In Ayurveda, it is used as an astringent, diaphoretic, diuretic, analgesic, antitussive, sedative, stimulant, stomachic, vermifuge, tonic and antibacterial agent 105. Rasapanchak of Cyperus rotundus is given in Table 3.
TABLE 3: RASAPANCHAK OF CYPERUS ROTUNDUS AS PER AYURVEDA 106
Sanskrit/English | Sanskrit/English |
Virya/Potency | Sita/Cold |
Vipak/Metabolic property | Katu/Pungent |
Guna/Physical property | Laghu/Light, Ruksha/Dry |
Rasa/Taste | Katu/Pungent, Tikta/Bitter, Kasaya/Astringent |
Properties of Cyperus rotundus as per Ayurveda: 107-109
Dipaniya: appetizer.
Pachana: digestive stimulant.
Krimighna: anthelminthic.
Mutra virecaniya: diuretic agent.
Lekhanya: fat reducing properties.
Rasa pacaniya: plasma purifier.
Triptighana: antisaturative.
Kandughna: antipuriginous/anti-itching.
Satanyasodana: galactopurifactor.
Trishnagrahana: thirst restraining properties.
Jwarhara: anti-pyretic.
Atisarghana: anti-diarrheal.
Satmikaran: anti-poisonous and enhances strength.
Uses of Cyperus rotundus:
Abhyanttar nadi sansthan: treats epilepsy and other brain disorders.
Paachan sansthan: treats in digestion, vomiting, irritable bowel syndrome, and enhances metabolism.
Rakatwah Sansthan: treats blood-related disorders.
Swasan Sansthan: treats cough and asthma.
Mootarwah Sansthan: treats oligourea.
Prajanan Sansthan: treats amenorrhea, puerperal disorders and disorders related to lactation.
Taapkram: treats fever and dehydration.
Nagarmotha is used in panchakarma against kushtha roga (skin problems like psoriasis), and female infertility 110-112.
Some important formulations of Cyperus rotundus:
- Amrutadivati and Shrugyadishaarkar: These polyherbal formulations are known for their effective use in TamakaShwasa (a respiratory issue) 113-114.
- Shirishadi: It is used as anti-asthmatic agent and hypoglycemic drug. It also has anti-microbial properties 115, 116.
- Mustadi Kwatha: It used against diabetes mellitus, problems related to urinary system and nutrition 117.
- DarvyadiKwatha: It is used against diabetes and asrigdara (abnormal menses) 118, 119.
- Herbal shampoo: Nagarmotha is an ingredient in polyherbal shampoo, promoting hair growth and has anti-dandruff properties 120.
- VidangadiLauha: It is used for the treatment of anemia, obesity, amavatarheumatoid arthritis, prameha diabetes, etc. 121
- Kanakabindvarishta: It is an important Ayurvedic polyherbal formulation that has been described in Charaka Samhita. It is used against kushtharoga (Skin related problems) 122, 123.
- Mustadiyapanavasti: It is beneficial for bones, muscles and eyes. It increases digestive fire. It helps to get relief from the pain of groins, thighs, sacral region, and abdomen. It is used to treat abnormal menses 124.
- Shwas-Kasadi Gutika: It is used against Kasa (cough) 125.
- Folk View: C. rotundusis one of such plants which have a rich history of its utilization in different folk cultures around the world. For instance, the rhizomes of C. rotundus are traditionally used by many Asian countries against stomach-related problems, bowel disorders, and inflammatory diseases 126,127. In the Nanded District of Maharashtra, people use root juice for the treatment of ulcers and urinary disorders 128. In Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, the tubers of C. rotundus are used against diseases like cough, epilepsy, malarial fever, cholera. Tubers are used as stomachic tonic and diuretic. The root paste is used to treat wounds and sores, while the root extracts are used as anti-inflammatory, anti-pyretic, and analgesic 129. This plant is consumed as a tonic in some areas of Madhya Pradesh 130.
The tribal people of harda district, Madhya Pradesh, use tuberous powder to treat dysentery 131. In Sirohi district of Rajasthan, people use root nodules/rhizomes to treat stone and rheumatism. They use roots to make agarbatti sticks 132. The rhizome powder is used to purify mother’s milk in Jalgaon district Maharashtra 133. In the Buldhana district of Maharashtra, people chew the leaves against snake bites. They use leaf extract against acidity. Dried root powder is used to treat cold and cough 134. People of Hingoli district, Maharashtra, treat acne and dandruff by root powder of C. rotundus 135. In Tarai region, Kumaun Himalaya people use tubers to treat problems relate to stomach and bowel 136. In the Jhabua district of Madhya Pradesh, people treat urinary disorders by tuberous roots of this plant 137.In Bijnor, people use plant extracts as diaphoretic and astringent. They use a paste of C. rotundus roots, ginger, and honey to treat dysentery 138. In Bilaspur district, Chhattisgarh people treat diarrhea, anorexia, blood disorder by using C. rotundus 139. In Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh, people use it as anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic. They use this plant to heal wounds, skin diseases, diarrhea, stomach related disorders and also use against scorpion sting 140. In Bihar, this plant is used to enhance digestion, reduce obesity and fat levels 141. In Ranchi rheumatism, inflammations, dysuria and obesity are traditionally treated by using C. rotundus rhizome 142. The Warli tribe of Dahanu, Maharashtra, uses tuber paste to improve lactation 143. Leaves and roots are used to treat stomach-related issues in the Northern hill region of Chhattisgarh 144.
- Modern View: There are several advantages of herbal drugs over synthetic drugs, such as they are less expensive, harmless, safe, and easily available. The market demand for herbal drugs/products is increasing rapidly, due to which the quality of herbal drugs is being compromised because of the association of factors like contamination, adulteration, and misidentification 145-147. Due to conflict in vernacular names and scientific names of the medicinal plants, the cases of misidentification occur 148. Another ultimate reason for the degradation of herbal drugs is intentional adulteration by using various materials such as orthodox drugs, inferior products, foreign particles, etc. 149-151. The most common contaminants induced in herbal drugs/products are mercury, arsenic, and lead, cadmium, copper and thallium, pesticides, microbes and mycotoxins 152-158. In the market, the commonly available forms of herbal products are powders, capsules, and extracts. Alterations are usually done either before or during the processing of herbal drugs, i.e., adulterants and contaminants are induced in the raw/crude form of the plant extracts. These alterations can be prevented and detected out by proper quality analysis and standardization protocols, so they cause no adverse effects on consumer health 159-161. These protocols maintain the quality of the herbal products 162. The most reliable technique used in today’s time is the standard DNA barcode. This technique significantly works on the identification of species 163.
Therapeutic Uses of Cyperus rotundus: Cyperus rotundus is known for its extraordinary therapeutic activities. Some of its important therapeutic properties are described below.
Anti-diarrheal: Uddin et al., studied anti-diarrheal properties of Cyperus rotundus on castor oil-induced diarrhea in mice models. It was revealed from the study that methanolic extract on oral administration at the dose of 250 and 500 mg/kg b.w. exhibited potent anti-diarrheal activities 164.
Anti-bacterial: The anti-bacterial activity of Cyperus rotundus was studied by Jabier et al. They use some gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial species viz. Cyperus rotundus oil exhibited maximum inhibitory actions against gram-positive bacteria as compared to gram-negative bacteria 165. The anti-bacterial activity of this plant was studied by Parekh et al., against many bacterial species. It was observed that the ethanolic extract of this plant showed significant anti-bacterial activity against all the used bacterial species. While the aqueous extract was active against Vitis vinifera L. this study supports the use of Cyperus rotundus as anti-bacterial agent 166.
Anti-diabetic: Singh et al., evaluated the anti-diabetic potential of Cyperus rotundus on Swiss mice models. Diabetes was induced artificially in the models by using streptozotocin. It was found that ethanolic extract at the dosage of 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight exhibited antidiabetic activity. Also it helped in improving body weight. The elevated levels of biochemical parameters such as SGPT, SGOT, cholesterol, and triglyceride were reduced after the administration of ethanolic extract which confirms its use as anti-diabetic agent 167.
Anti-oxidant: Yazdanparast conducted a comparative in-vitro study to check the anti-oxidant potential of Cyperus rotundus against standard antioxidants such as butylated hydroxytoluene, tocopherol, L-ascorbic acid, and catechin. The hydroalcoholic extract of this plant showed significant reduction capability and free radical scavenging against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and superoxide anions, and it showed a moderate effect on nitric oxide. The study concluded that Cyperus rotundus can be used as an antioxidant 168.
Lactogenic: Badgujar et al., studied the lactogenic behavior of Cyperus rotundus on female rat models. The aqueous extract of the plant on oral administration at the dosage of 300 and 600 mg. significantly increased the milk production in lactating rat models at the rate of 23% and 40%. The extract increased the stimulation of prolactin synthesis. It significantly increased the size of mammary glands. It was also observed that pups gained weight during the experimental period, which supports its use as a lactogenic 169.
Antinociceptive: Imam et al., studied the anti-nociceptive activity of hydromethanol extract of Cyperus rotundus in mice models. Nociception was induced in the models by two methods i.e. thermal (hot plate and tail immersion) and chemical (formalin). The extract was administered at the doses of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg; p.o. For comparison, morphine sulphate (5 mg/kg, i.p.) and diclofenac sodium (10 mg/kg, i.p.) were used. In thermal-induced nociception, hydromethanol extract helped in increasing the latency period at all doses. Whereas in chemical-induced nociception, the extract significantly decreased the paw licking activity. From this study, it can be concluded that Cyperus rotundus exhibits anti-nociceptive activity 170.
Anti-inflammatory: As per the study report of Rocha et al., ethanol extract of Cyperus rotundus is associated with anti-inflammatory activity. They conducted the study on mice models. Arachidonic acid (AA) and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)- were administered in the models for inducing skin inflammation. The extract significantly helped reduce ear edema and cellular infiltrate in acute and chronic skin inflammation models on topical application. It also effectively decreased the keratinocyte hyperproliferation induced by TPA 171.
Hepatoprotective: Hepatoprotectivity of Cyperus rotundus was evaluated by Kumar et al., in rat models. Models were administered with carbon tetrachloride for inducing liver damage. It was observed that ethyl acetate extract of Cyperus rotundus exhibited hepatoprotective actions such as it lowered down the serum levels of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, glutamic pyruvic transaminase, alkaline phosphatase and total bilirubin 172.
Wound Healing: Puratchikody et al., studied the wound healing property of Cyperus rotundus in rat models. Models were categorized into three categories on the basis of type of wound i.e., the excision wound rat models, the incision wound rat models, and dead space wound models.
Alcoholic extract of tuber parts in the form of ointments was examined against the wounds. The response comparison of extract ointment with the standard drug nitrofurazone ointment (0.2% w/w NFZ) showed a considerable difference in wound contracting ability, wound closure time, and tensile strength 173.
Anti-allergic: Jin et al., studied the anti-allergic behavior of Cyperus rotundus in in-vitro and in-vivo. The findings suggested that sesquiterpenes are associated with anti-allergic activity. Sesquiterpenes were associated with the inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase-catalyzed leukotrienes pro-duction in rat basophilic leukemia (RBL)-1 cells 174.
Anti-tumor: As per the report of Kilani et al., a study conducted onL1210 leukemia cells line, essential oil of C. rotundus tuber is associated with anti-tumor activity. It was found that essential oil was very effective against L1210 leukemia cells line 175.
Analgesic: C. rotundus exhibits potential analgesic activity. It is well supported by Pal et al. A study was conducted on mice models in which writhes and stretches were induced by a 1.2% acetic acid solution. Ethanol extract of C. rotundus significantly reduced the number of writhes and stretched 176.
Neuroprotective: Lee et al., investigated the neuroprotective effect of C. rotundus in an experimental in-vitro model of Parkinson’s disease. It was found that a rhizome extract of C. rotundus named cyperi rhizome showed significant neuro-protective activity against 6- hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced neuronal damage 177.
Anti-viral: As per the reports of an experimental study conducted by Soltan et al., hydroalcoholic extract of C. rotundus has effective anti-viral potential against herpes simplex-1 virus 178.
Diuretic: Akperbekova et al., suggested that drugs from and galenicals from the roots of Cyperus rotundus growing in Azerbaijan, exhibits diuretic effect 179.
Antihypoxic: Jebasingh et al., studied the antihypoxic effect of Cyperus rotundus in rat models. Models were administered with sodium nitrite to induce hypoxia injury.
It was observed that ethanol extract at particular doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg exhibited significant protective actions against the cognitive impairments and the locomotor activity and muscular coordination defects 180.
Anti-malarial: Weenen et al., studied the antimalarial property of 49 Tanzanian plants. It was found that Cyperus rotundus tuber extract significantly exhibited antimalarial activity 181.
Anti-platelet: As per the reported study conducted by Seo et al., to check the antiplatelet behavior of Cyperus rotundus, it was observed that eight components of C. rotundus rhizome viz. 4-cymene, (+)-nootkatone, b-pinene, 1,8-cienole, limonene, valencene, caryophyllene oxide, coumarin, (+)-nootkatone exhibited a significant inhibitory effect on platelet aggregation induced by arachidonic acid (AA) and collagen, thrombin 182.
Reported pharmacological and therapeutic properties associated with Cyperus rotundus (Nagarmotha) are given in Table 4.
TABLE 4: REPORTED THERAPEUTIC USES OF CYPERUS ROTUNDUS (NAGARMOTHA)
Sr. No. | Extract | Method | Property | References |
1 | Methanolic extract | In-vivo -mice | Anti-diarrhoeal | 164 |
2 | Oil | In-vitro | Antibacterial | 165,166 |
ethanolic extract | In-vitro | |||
3 | Ethanolic extract | In-vivo - mice | Anti-diabetic | 167 |
4 | Hydroalcoholic extract | In-vitro | Anti-oxidant | 168 |
5 | Aqueous extract | In-vivo - female rats | Lactogenic | 169 |
6 | Hydromethanol extract | In-vivo - mice | Antinociceptive | 170 |
7 | Ethanol extract | In-vivo mice | Anti-inflammatory | 171 |
8 | Ethyl acetate extract | In-vivo - rats | Hepatoprotectivity | 172 |
9 | Alcoholic extract | In-vivo - rats | Wound healing | 173 |
10 | Sesquiterpenes | In-vivo and in-vitro | Anti-allergic | 174 |
11 | Tuber essential oil | In-vitro | Anti-tumor | 175 |
12 | Ethanol extract | In-vivo - mice | Analgesic | 176 |
13 | Cyperi rhizome | In-vitro | Neuroprotective | 177 |
14 | Hydroalcoholic extract | In-vitro | Anti-viral | 178 |
15 | Ethanol extract | In-vivo - rats | Anti-hypoxic | 180 |
16 | Tuber extract | In-vitro | Antimalarial | 181 |
17 | Rhizome extract | In-vitro and ex-vivo | Antiplatelet | 182 |
CONCLUSION: Medicinal herbs are playing a vital role in healthcare systems since ancient times. They are being used to treat various ailments. These plants are the promising source of discoveries of new drugs. These herbs are the central part of all the medicine systems because they exhibit significant therapeutic properties. Cyperus rotundus is one of the important medicinal herbs which is in use to treat a number of diseases since ancient times. It is primarily used in Ayurveda and other traditional systems of medicines. It is commonly used against dysentery, cold, cough, cholera, diarrhoea, irritable bowel syndrome. It is used in many traditional polyherbal formulations. It has wide range of phytochemical constituents like saponins, falvonoids, sesquiterpenes, steroids etc. It exhibits biological properties like anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic activities, hepatoprotective, antimalarial activity, etc. This wonder herb can be a good and reliable source of new drugs.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: Nil
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST: Nil
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How to cite this article:
Kumari I, Kaurav H and Chaudhary G: Significance of Cyperus rotundus (nagarmotha), a noxious weed in ayurveda. Int J Pharmacognosy 2021; 8(6): 232-45. doi link: http://dx.doi.org/10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.IJP.8(6).232-45.
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Article Information
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English
IJP
Isha Kumari, HemlataKaurav and Gitika Chaudhary *
Shuddhi AyurvedaJeenSikho Lifecare Pvt. Ltd. Zirakpur, Punjab India.
suddhi.research@jeenasikho.co.in
05 April 2021
28 June 2021
29 June 2021
10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.IJP.8(6).232-45
30 June 2021