ESSENTIAL OIL TRIO: A REVIEW ON PHARMACOGNOSTIC PROFILE OF CLOVE, VETIVER, AND TULSI

Essential oils are concentrated hydrophobic liquids containing volatile chemical components obtained from plants. They are well-known for their medicinal effects and numerous uses. This paper examines the pharmacognostic profiles of clove (Syzygium aromaticum), tulsi (Ocimum sanctum), and vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides), highlighting their phytochemical composition, medicinal qualities, and pharmacological activity. Clove oil, high in eugenol, has been extensively studied for its antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic qualities, making it an important element in dental and topical formulations. Tulsi, regarded as a sacred plant in Ayurveda, produces an essential oil rich in eugenol, methyl eugenol, and beta-caryophyllene, which has adaptogenic, immunomodulatory, and anti-stress properties. Vetiver, also known as “khus,” generates an essential oil rich in sesquiterpenes such as khusimol and vetiverol, known for their relaxing, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. The pharmacognostic examination of these essential oils covers macroscopic and microscopic properties, phytochemical screening, and quality control measures. Their broad-spectrum antibacterial action and few side effects have positioned them as promising options in current therapies. Furthermore, the synergistic potential of these oils in combination formulations is investigated, which suggests improved efficacy in aromatherapy, cosmetics, and alternative medicine. This study emphasizes the need to combine traditional knowledge with current scientific methodologies in order to maximize the usage of clove, tulsi, and vetiver essential oils. Additional studies into their mechanisms of action, standardization, and clinical validation may pave the road for their wider use in the pharmaceutical and wellness sectors.