A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW ON COMMELINA BENGHALENSIS L. (COMMELINACEAE)
HTML Full TextA COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW ON COMMELINA BENGHALENSIS L. (COMMELINACEAE)
Proma Roy Orni 1, Hosne Jahan Shetu 2, Tanzim Khan 1, Sadman Sakib Bin Rashed 1 and Pritesh Ranjan Dash * 3
Department of Pharmacy 1, BRAC University, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences 2, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Department of Pharmacy 3, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
ABSTRACT: For a very long time, plants have been used worldwide as a natural medicine to treat human diseases, and it has been in many parts of the world, plants are used as a safe source of drugs to cure several diseases and conditions through complementary medicine system. In tropical Asia and Africa, Commelina benghalensis is a native plant and is known to have significant pharmacological activities. This plant has different groups of active biological compounds which provide C. benghalensis with such a wide range of pharmacological activities. C. benghalensis has been traditionally used for the treatment of many different diseases such as burns, leprosy, sore throat, pain and inflammations and also uses as an emollient, demulcent and laxative. Several research papers on the pharmacological, biological and isolation of metabolites and biologically active compounds of this plant have already been done worldwide. However, many areas of study for the complete evaluation of the therapeutic values of this plant still need to be conducted. This paper briefly reviews the pharmacological status of C. benghalensis. Furthermore, this review paper is the first and most updated literature review on the plant- Commelina benghalensis.
Keywords: |
Phytochemistry, Pharmacological Activities, Toxicity, Commelina benghalensis
INTRODUCTION: Traditional medicines play a vital role in health-care services all around the world. From decades, a person all over the globe relies on plants and plants extracts for the treatment of various health issues. C. benghalensis is being used as a part of the traditional medicinal system to cure different diseases. It has been used for the treatment of pain, constipation, headache, leprosy, fever, snake bite and jaundice 1, 2, 3. It has also been used in the treatment of mouth thrush 4, epilepsy 5, insanity 6, and psychosis 7.
In many parts of tropical Asia, it is used to treat infertility in women and India, it is used as bitter, demulcent, laxative, emollient, as an anti-inflammatory and depressant 8. In China, C. benghalensis is used as diuretic and febrifuge 9. In Africa, Pakistan and other parts of Asia, it is common nutritional vegetation 10.
In many parts of India, this plant is a widely used ethnomedicinal plant for various diseases 21. In Nepal, the paste of the Commelina benghalensis is being utilized to treat smolders, and the root-juice is used for the treating acid reflux 11. This plant is also used to feed domestic animals, and in many parts of southern Asia, it is also eaten by humans. In Malaysia, Philippines and India, C. benghalensis is considered as a refrigerant and astringent and is being used for strangury 30. In Bangladesh, this plant is used as an anti-dote for snakebites, burns and swelling 30. This plant is reported to possess remarkable therapeutic properties. Chemical constituents and extracts obtained from this plant have shown important pharmacological properties which are used for the treatment of various diseases. Literature also shows that C. benghalensis is used for the treatment of night blindness, pain including headaches, toothaches, cataracts, conjunctivitis; several skin diseases such as acne, scabies, eczema, warts, sleep disorders and mental illness 30. This plant is also found to be used as a folk medicine for treating infertility in women, in Lesotho and Cameroon, the stem extract of Commelina benghalensis is used for wound healing, as a laxative, diuretic, anti-inflammatory and febrifuge 30, 61, 62.
Plant Description: Commelina benghalensis Linn. belongs to the family Commelinaceae is a perennial native herb found in most parts of tropical Asia and Africa. This plant is commonly known as Benghal dayflower or dew flower 12. It is large, meander herbs that appears once every year and reaches a height up to 40 cm long and have roots with basal nodes. This plant can be characterized by its attractive and little bluish-violet flowers. Leaves are oval and elliptic or in some plants; it appears oblong, slightly triangular, dark-bright green in color and almost about 4-7 cm in length. The spates are, funnel-shaped, green, compressed and about 1.5 cm long. The capsules of this plants are broadly ovoid-oblong and are about 4-5 mm long. Seeds are ovoid.
TABLE 1: PLANT DESCRIPTION
FIG. 1: BRIGHT BLUE COLORED FLOWER AND THE WHOLE PLANT
Distribution: The species is native to tropical and subtropical Asia and Africa 13. C. benghalensis is also found in Yemen, Saudi Arabia, Bhutan, India, Nepal, China, Japan, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Viet Nam, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Pakistan. The plant has also been widely introduced beyond its range to North and South America, the Indian and Pacific Ocean Islands and Australia. Later, this plant is introduced in Cuba, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, United States and Barbados 14. The species is a perennial and annual growing and is cultivated or disturbed in places such as roadsides, waste ground as well as in moist grassland, thickets and bushland, woodland, tree plantations and along watercourses; in the forest, forest margins and riverine forest 14.
Taxonomical Classification:
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Spermatophyta
Subphylum: Angiospermae
Class: Monocotyledonae
Order: Commelinales
Family: Commelinaceae
Genus: Commelina
Species: C. benghalensis
Synonyms: Commelina cucullata L., Commelina delicatula Schltdl, Commelina hirsuta R. Br, Commelina mollis Jacq, Commelina nervosa Burm. f., Commelina poligama Fern. -Vill., Commelina procurrens Schltdl., Commelina prostrata Regel, Commelina radiciflora R. Br. ex C. B. Clarke, Commelina rhizocarpa Afzel. ex C. B. Clarke, Commelina senegalensis Ten, Commelina turbinata Vahl, Commelina turbinate Valh, Commelina uncata C. B. Clarke, Commelina villosiuscula Sol. ex C. B. Clarke 15.
Vernacular Names: English: Day flower, Bengali: Kanaibashi, Japan: Tsuyukusa, Myanmar: Myet-cho, Philippines: Alikbangon, bias-bias, Hindi: Kanchara, India: Kanasiri, kanchara, kankaua. Sanskrit: Kanchata, Nepal: Kane, Arab: Hadaib, China: Fàn bāo cǎo, Finland: Intiansoljo, France: Commélyne du Bengale, Malayalam: Adukka-vettila, Marathi: Kena, Sundanese: Gèwor, Tamil: Aduthinnathalai, Portugal: Trapoeraba, Sudah: Rekondo; Awowa, Vietnam: Dau-rieu Laos: Nya Kabpi Hyai, Thailand: Phak plaap, Indonesia: Brambangan.
Phytoconstituents: Various studies have shown that ethanol and aqueous extract of different parts of Commelina benghalensis contains chemical groups such as oils and fats, alkaloids, lactones and coumarins, triterpenoids and steroids, resins, reducing agents, phenols and tannins, amino acids, quinones, flavonoids, astringents, saponins 16. Then again, in other studies, C benghalensis also showed the presence of salicylic acid, P-coumarins, resorcinol, tannic acid, chlorogenic acid, 8-hydroxyquinoline, caffeic acid, tannic acid, quinol, resorcinol, catechol and anthocyanin 17, 18, 19. The flower showed the presence of dominant anthocyanin is cyanidin 3,7,3'-triglucoside, acylated with caffeic acid. Other hydroxycinnamic acids are also present.
FIG. 2: LUTEIN
FIG. 3: β- CAROTENE
It has been seen that the flavones. C-glycosides are the dominant compounds, found in the majority of the species of this plant. Ravonol O-glycosides are present in few of the species where quercetin being the most frequent aglycone 17, 18, 19. An extensive phytochemical investigation revealed the presence of an alkanol and sterol with a mixture of n-octacosanol, n-triacontanol, n-doctriacontanol in the alkanol and stigmasterol, beta-sitosterol and campesterol in sterol in the ratio 2:1:163. Lutein and zeaxanthin contents were also reported in another study conducted by Lakshminarayan (2007) 64. The high concentration of carotenoids was also found in this plant 65. Lyimo (2003), reported the presence of nutraceuticals that includes vitamin C, proteins, calcium, iron and many more 66. The table below summarizes all the reported phytochemical constituents in Commelina benghalensis 63-67.
TABLE 2: REPORTED PHYTOCHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS IN COMMELINA BENGHALENSIS
Compounds / Groups | Plant part |
Alkaloids | Whole plant |
Alkanol: n-octacosanol,
ntriacontanol, n-doctriacontanol |
Whole plant |
Ascorbic Acid | Aerial parts |
Baeuenol | Whole plant |
β-amyrin | Whole plant |
Caffeine | Whole plant |
Lutein | Leaves |
Carotenoids: α-carotene, β-carotene | Leaves |
Sterols: stigmasterol, β-sitosterol
and campesterol |
Whole plant |
Shikimic acid (3, 4, 5-trihydroxy-1-
cyclohexene-1-carboxylic acid) |
Stems |
Violaxanthin | Leaves |
Volatile oil | Whole plant |
Zeaxanthin | Leaves |
Wax | Whole plant |
Pharmacological Activities:
Analgesic Activity: To determine analgesic activities of Commelina benghalensis and justify traditional medicinal uses of this plant, a study was carried out of the ethanol extract with the plant’s root sample 20. The ethanol root extracts showed good analgesic activities by inhibiting the release of pain receptors and assumed to have a similar mechanism of action like other NSAIDs 20. Extracts from aerial parts of C. benghalensis were evaluated for determining centrally acting analgesic activities, and the results show Commelina benghalensis to have significant analgesic properties which are comparable to the drug Nalbuphine 1. In another study, Commelina benghalensis, a perennial herb also showed analgesic effect in Swiss Albino mice in a dose-dependent manner 44.
Anti-Inflammatory Activity: In a study conducted in-vivo experimental models, showed Commelina benghalensis roots extract to possess significant anti-inflammatory activity which is due to the presence of resins, balsams, flavonoids, and tannins 20. Preliminary phytochemical evaluation of C. benghalensis shows the presence of saponins, tannins, carbohydrates, flavonoids and alkaloids 21, 46. The extract of this plant shows promising anti-inflammatory activities due to the presence of mainly saponins, tannins and flavonoids.
It is also suggested that C. benghalensis could be a potent and safe drug for acute and long term use inflammations 21. Asthma is characterized by the inflammation of airways and other symptoms like cough, chest tightness, shortness of breath; wheezing, etc. 22 The dried leaf of C. benghalensis in methanol extracts showed to give 33.61% inhibition against the 15-lipoxygenase enzyme that is responsible for asthma 22. Aqueous and alcoholic extracts of roots of Commelina benghalensis showed significant wound-healing properties when compared with a control group 46.
Anti-microbial Properties: From ancient period, plants constituents are being used as folk medicine and natural therapies for most of the world’s population, and in order to evaluate the pharmacological activities of plants, a study was conducted taking 10 medicinal plant extracts against gram +(ve) and gram (-)ve bacterial strain in-vitro. This study included C. benghalensis, and its crude leaf showed potential inhibition zone against Streptococcus lactis and Enterobacter aerogenes 29.
Radical Scavenging Activities: A study investigating the anti-oxidant activity of C. benghalensis found a positive correlation between total polyphenols and antioxidant properties of the plant 25. This plant also provides a great source of dietary antioxidants and possess high antioxidant activities which prevent oxidative damage, slows down the process of aging, reducing the chances of cancer and other cardiovascular and neurological diseases 25.
In another experiment, methanolic extracts from the leaves of C. benghalensis shows to be rich in antioxidants due to the presence of mainly phenolic groups which neutralize free radical 26 and thus can be successfully used in pharmaceutical industries 26. Fresh aerial parts of C. benghalensis extracted with acetone and methanol shows good anti-oxidant properties showing the inhibitory ability of free radicals 27. Reactive oxidative species and oxidative stress increases the chances of diseases like diabetes, cancer heart-diseases, autoimmune diseases, aging and neurological diseases and anti-oxidative property of this plant prevent such diseases 27. Presence of flavonoids suggests that this plant have anti-oxidant properties 28, 29. The free-radical scavenging ability of C. benghalensis has been found in a study due to the presence of phenolics 30. The author developed a simple, rapid and sensitive method for the quantification of protocatechuic acid, vanillic acid, ferulic acid, apigenin, and kaempferol in the tuber of this plant and additionally the anti-oxidant potential of the plant’s extract was examined and confirmed 30.
Diuretic Properties: A study suggests that Commelina benghalensis might possess diuretic properties as this plant is rich in secondary metabolites 31.
Larvicidal Activity: Dengue fever is a major health problem mainly in tropical countries which spreads to people mainly from vectors A. aegypti 32. Petroleum ether extract of C. benghalensis seemed to cause mortality of 80% in 24 h on the mosquito larvae due to the presence of phytochemicals such as phenol, flavonoids resins, etc. 32
Antidiarrheal and Anthelmintic Activity: Methanol extract of C. benghalensis was tested for plants antidiarrheal and anthelmintic properties where it was found that a dose-dependent methanolic extract took maximum 22.17 min for the paralysis and almost an hour for complete death of the parasite 33. Then again, the methanol extract of this plant smothered the propulsive movement of charcoal through the GIT, which provides great chances to prevent diarrheal conditions 33.
Fertility-Inducing Property: For a long time, C. benghalensis is as a folk medicine for the treatment of female infertility 34. In a study conducted, leaves extract of this plant seem to possess properties that treat infertility in women 34. Another study showed that extract of C. benghalensis could successfully prevent testicular toxicity induced by environmental toxic substances and hence is a potential candidate for the treatment of male infertility 36.
Thrombolytic Activity: Thrombosis is a major health problem and thrombolytic therapy is normally used to dissolve the blood clot, but there are shortcomings of the available thrombolytic drugs in the market 37. A study conducted to investigate the thrombolytic property of Commelina benghalenis using methanol extract showed to have a significant thrombolytic activity of 40.94% taking standard streptokinase which is about 75% 37.
Hepatoprotective Activity: Alcohol consumption can result in degenerative fibrotic hepatic diseases, and it is known that several medicinal plants are used to treat such condition 24. A study conducted indicated that both alcohol and water extracts of this plants showed to have great hepatoprotective activity against paracetamol-induced hepatic tissue damage whereas the alcoholic extracts seemed to have shown the better result in contrast with alcoholic extract 23. Both water and alcoholic extracts of Commelina benghalensis (200 mg/kg, b.w.) showed significant hepatoprotective activity against paracetamol (2 gm/kg b.w in 1% CMC) induced hepatic injury. Alcoholic extract emerges more efficiency than aqueous extract 38.
Anti-cancer Activity: C. benghalensis is reported to contain flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids, triterpenes, lactones, coumarins, resins, phenols, reducing agents, tannins and has many pharmacological importance as well as have anticancer activities 39. The methanol extract of Commelina benghalensis significantly reduced tumor volume in Albino mice and also have normalized Hb level and further increase the lifespan of mice 39.
In another study, the anticancer property of MECB was assessed by their capacity to repress malignancy cell development in an ascetic liquid of Swiss albino mice 39. The rate hindrance of aggregate cell tally (% TCI), rate restraint of feasible cell includes, rate increment life expectancy (% ILS), and enhanced hematological parameters were viewed as the intensity of the anticancer property of MECB 39. The LD50 estimation of the methanol leaf concentrates of CB. was done according to the OECD rule; however, no mortality of the mice was watched even at a measurement of 2000 mg/kg body weight and was, along these lines, considered as sheltered 39. The study of the histological perception of test bunches proposed typical design of liver tissue, less thick divider CV, twisted corruption of tissue (N) and core, parenchyma, and hepatic cells were recovered, which was harmed in EAC treated control groups (I-V) 40. These parameters and perceptions show that MECB has noteworthy anticancer action. Semi-pure extracts of Commelina benghalensis shows future hope for the treatment of cancerous skin outgrowth and can lead to the development of an effective anti-neoplastic drug 40. The crude methanolic extract of Commelina benghalensis contains bioactive compounds that are beneficial in the treatment of malignant growths of p53 tumor protein and Bcl-2 family of proteins (Bax and Bcl- 2). Furthermore, this apparent antineoplastic activity is a consequence of dysregulated expression of apoptosis-responsive genes 41.
Sedative and Anxiolytic Properties: Among the four different fractions (chloroform, pet ether, n-butanol, and hydromethanol soluble fractions, coded as CFCB, PECB, NBCB, and HMCB, respectively) of the aerial parts of Commelina benghalensis, chloroform (CFCB) and pet ether (PECB) soluble fractions possess strong sedative and anxiolytic potential 43. Therefore, these fractions could have significant therapeutic efficacy for the treatment of anxiety along with related neuropsychiatric disorders 43. In addition, substantiation obtained from the present study may justify the use of this plant in traditional medicine for the treatment of excited mental disorders such as psychosis, insanity, epilepsy, etc. 53 Addition of Commelina benghalensis in S. almum based diets enhanced growth and DM intake of the wethers, representing their potentiality as supplements for ruminants 43.
C. benglalensis (200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg) shows strong sedative and antianxiety properties 2, 44. Sedation or hypnosis is induced by potentiating GABA mediated postsynaptic inhibition through allosteric modification of GABA receptors due to the presence of sleep-inducing properties in the aerial parts of the plant. C. benghalensis also contains alkaloid and flavonoid 44. It is thought that the sedative and anxiolytic is due to the interaction of flavonoids with the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor complex in the brain. So it can be used as a treatment of anxiety and related neuropsychiatric disorders 44.
Anti-viral Activity: Investigation on the inhibitory effects of C. benghalensis against dengue virus serotype 2 using five different fractions extracted by methanol, ethanol, chloroform, n-hexane, and benzene was done, and all different fractions showed significant prophylactic effects against the virus 45. Thus, Commelina benghalensis seemed to possess good anti-viral properties by prophylactic treatment 45.
Toxicity: Toxicity of a plant is an important concern to science and medical practitioners and thus in a study, a cytotoxic assay of Commelina benghalensis was carried out to determine the toxicity properties of this plant through the Brine Shrimp lethality test (LC50) for 24 h 37. This cytotoxicity test was important as this data would help for better evaluation of the plant’s anti-neoplastic properties and can further help to determine new anticancer compounds. The result of the study showed the median lethal concentration that is the concentration at which 50% mortality of the brine shrimp nauplii were observed 37. The methanol extract of this plant demonstrated significant cytotoxic properties against the brine shrimp at a concentration of 278.68 μg/ml where vincristine sulfate was used as the positive control and DMSO as the negative control 37, 50. Then again in another study, hydroethanolic extracts of leaves of C. benghalensis did not show any toxic reactions and mortality even with a high dose of 2000/kg, and thus LD50 of hydroethanolic extracts of Commelina benghalensis must be greater than 2000 mg/kg 21.
CONCLUSION: C. benghalensis generates little genetic variability as it contains fewer chromosomes and closed breeding system 47, 52. Several species of Commelina are widely available in tropical Asia and Africa 49. Studies conducted on this plant have shown its extensive pharmacological properties with high medicinal values. It has been seen in previous studies that almost all parts of the plants mainly the leaf and the bark contains many different active and non-active chemical compounds that possess a wide range of therapeutic values 35, 48. Different chemical compounds isolated from the extracts of Commelina benghalensis showed different pharmacological properties and have been widely for centuries as traditional or folk medicine.
The plant's crude extracts showed significant therapeutic activities including analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-oxidant, anti-thrombolytic, antiplasmodial, anti-diarrheal, anti-helmentic, anti-larvicidal, anti-viral, anti-microbial, sedative, anxiolytic, fertility-inducing and hepato-protective properties. Thus, further extensive studies need to be done for its better use in cosmetic, agrochemical and pharmaceutical sector.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: Authors are grateful to Jahangirnagar University, Department of Pharmacy, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh for providing the necessary facility to carry out the study.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST: Authors declare no conflict of interest.
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How to cite this article:
Orni PR, Shetu HJ, Khan T, Rashed SSB and Dash PR: A comprehensive review on Commelina benghalensis L. (Commelinaceae). Int J Pharmacognosy 2018; 5(10): 637-45. doi link: http://dx.doi.org/10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.IJP.5(10).637-45.
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Article Information
1
637-645
911
1147
English
IJP
P. R. Orni, H. J. Shetu, T. Khan, S. S. B. Rashed and P. R. Dash *
Department of Pharmacy, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Bangladesh.
pritesh.ju@gmail.com
10 August 2018
26 September 2018
30 September 2018
10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.IJP.5(10).637-45
01 October 2018