PHYTOCHEMISTRY TO PHARMACOTHERAPY: AN INTEGRATIVE REVIEW OF CISSUS QUADRANGULARIS L

Cissus quadrangularis L. (Vitaceae) is a plant that has been used by people in Africa the Arabian Peninsula and the Indian subcontinent for more than two thousand years. It is called Asthisamharaka or Hadjod in Ayurveda. It can help with problems, digestive issues and broken bones. Even though this plant has been used for a long time, most of the scientific studies about it are spread out in different places. There hasn’t been work to bring all the information together into a clear picture. This review wants to fix that problem by showing what is currently known about the chemical makeup of the plant how it works inside the body and how it acts in life. Chemically the plant is special because it contains ketosteroids, flavonoids such as quercetin, kaempferol and rutin plus triterpenoids, stilbenes and a lot of vitamin C. These compounds seem to give the plant most of its healing power. The plant’s known benefit is for bone health; studies show that the plant can cut the time it takes for fractures to heal by about a third and the plant also helps with weight loss, lowering cholesterol and controlling blood sugar when used in a common formula called CQR‑300. The plant also works to protect the stomach, reduce inflammation; pain fight free radicals, kill germs stop seizures, protect the liver, protect the heart and strengthen veins; these actions help treat haemorrhoids. Safety data are reassuring overall, with only minor and temporary side effects noted. The existing trials tend to be small, short, and inconsistent in how the extracts are prepared limitations that future, larger, and better-standardised studies will need to address before C. quadrangularis can move fully from traditional remedy to accepted clinical treatment.