A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW ON SWIETENIA MACROPHYLLA KING: CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS, PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES, TOXICITY AND SAFETY ANALYSIS

Swietenia macrophylla King, widely recognized as big-leaf mahogany or sky fruit, is a highly prized tropical hardwood species belonging to the Meliaceae family traditionally used for managing diabetes, hypertension, inflammation, and various other ailments. Despite growing research interest, existing studies remain fragmented, largely limited to in vitro and acute animal models, with significant variability in extract preparation and scarce standardized clinical data. This review systematically compiles, organizes, and critically analyzes the botanical description, taxonomic classification, ethnomedicinal uses, major bioactive compounds, broad spectrum of pharmacological activities, toxicity and safety analysis of Swietenia macrophylla. The plant is notably high in limonoids like swietenine, swietenolide, and various derivatives, which contribute to its significant pharmacological potential, including antidiabetic, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-aging, wound healing, and other effects. Pharmacological studies have demonstrated significant bioactivities through multiple mechanisms, notably modulation of Nrf2, NLRP3 inflammasome, PPARγ activation and related pathways. The present work offers a consolidated and up-to-date framework that addresses research gaps, variability in extract efficacy, and the need for further clinical validation, thereby facilitating evidence-based development and standardization of Swietenia macrophylla as a promising source of multi-target therapeutic agents.