AN UPDATE ON AYURVEDIC HERB KACHHNAR (BAUHINIA PURPUREA LINN.)- A REVIEW
HTML Full TextAN UPDATE ON AYURVEDIC HERB KACHHNAR (BAUHINIA PURPUREA LINN.)- A REVIEW
Dilip Kumar Chanchal *, Pankaj Niranjan, Shashi Alok, Shailendra Singh and Saurabh
Department of Pharmacognosy, Institute of Pharmacy, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi 284128, Uttar Pradesh, India.
ABSTRACT: Bauhinia Purpurea was commonly known as a purple orchid tree, belonging to the family Caesalpinaceae, sparingly grown in India. The use of natural products as medicinal agents presumably predates the earliest recorded history. It is a species of flowering plant is used in several traditional medicine system to cure various diseases. This plant has been known to possess antibacterial, antidiabetic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-diarrheal, anticancerous, nephroprotective and thyroid hormone regulating activity. A wide range of active chemical compound including 5,6-Dihydroxy-7-methoxyflavone 6-O-β-D xylopyrano- Side, bis[3,4-dihydroxy-6-methoxy-7,8-furano-5,6-monomethylalloxy]-5-C-5-biflavonyl and (4-hydroxy-7-methyl 3-C-α-L-rhamnopyranosy) - 5 - C – 5 -(4-hydroxy-7-methyl) - 3 – C - α-D-glucopyranosyl], biflavonoid, bibenzyls, dibenzoxepins, mixture of phytol fatty esters, lutein, β-sitosterol, isoquercitrin and astragalin etc. The present review discusses medicinal properties, Biological activity, Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of Bauhinia Purpurea.
Keywords: |
Pharmacognosy, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology
INTRODUCTION: Various Medicinal plants have been used for centuries as remedies for the disease because they contain components of therapeutic values. According to the WHO, 80% of the world population continues to rely mainly on traditional medicine for their health care1. The well- known and well-established genus Bauhinia comprises of trees and shrubs that grow in a warm climate. It is rare in the southernmost district, 5-7 m tall tree in deciduous forests which is often planted in gardens along the roadside for its large purple beat flowers. The leaves are 10-20 cm long and broad, rounded, alternate and bilobed at the base and apex.
The flower is conspicuous, pink and fragrant, with five petals. The fruit is a pod 30 cm long, containing 12- 16 seeds and have long seed as a pea. Flowers and fruit appear in December 2.
Plant Profile: It is small to medium-sized deciduous tree growing up to 17 m tall. The leaves are 7.5-15 cm long rather than longer than broad, cleft about halfway down into two acute or rounded bilobed very minutely pubescent beneath when young, base usually cordate, 9-11 nerved, petiole 2.25-3.8 cm long. The bark is ashy to dark brown pubescent.
The flowers are conspicuous, pink and fragrant with five petals. Pedicels 5-13mm long, stout, tomentose, bract and bracteoles small tomentose, deltoid petals 3.8 to 5cm long oblanceolate long clawed, spreading veined. Stamens usually three fertile, other reduced to antherless filaments. Ovary downy, long-stalked; Style long; Stigma large, oblique 3.
FIG. 1: LEAVES OF BAUHINIA PURPUREA
Indian Name: In India, it is known by its vernacular name, the most commonly used are
English: Butterfly Tree
Hindi: Kaniar
Kannada: Devakanchan
Marathi: Raktachandan
Tamil: Nilattiruvatti
Bengali: Koiral
Assamese: Og-yok 4
Geographical Distribution: Bauhinia Purpurea is native to China and found throughout India, ascending to an altitude of 1300 m in the Himalayan 5. B. purpurea is a moderate evergreen tree in the sub-Himalayan region and western track of India, and often its leaves are used as fodder during the lean period 6. The genus Bauhinia, consisting of 300 species 7. In the United State of America, the tree grows in Hawaii, coastal California, southern Texas and southwest Florida.
Medicinal Uses: The young pods and mature seeds of kachnar are known to be cooked and eaten by tribes such as the Kathkors and Gondas of India 8. Species of Bauhinia are rich in polyphenolics and are known for its medicinal properties 9. The bark of the plant is used as an astringent in the treatment of diarrhea. Its decoctions are recommended for ulcers as a useful wash solution. The bark or root and flower mixture with boiled rice water is used as maturant for boil and abscesses 10. The decoction of the flower is worked as a laxative 11. There is no documentation on its traditional use to treat disease among to treat, ailments like glandular swellings, skin disease, ulcer, diarrhea, stomach tumor, and wounds12.
Ethnomedicinal Use of Different Parts of Bauhinia Purpurea Linn.:
Whole Plant: The whole plant is used in dropsy, pain, rheumatism, convulsions, and septicemia13.
Flower: The Flower bud and flower fried in ghee are reported to be given to patients suffering from dysentery 14.
Bark: The concentrated decoction of the bark is used to treat lymphadenitis by tribal people of Jalgaon District 15. The decoction of stem bark orally twice a day is very effective in asthma and other respiratory disorder as an anti-inflammatory agent 16. Also, bark juice is useful in menstruation trouble and with honey is taken orally against leucorrhea 17.
Root: Root bark is mixed with curd and used in hemorrhoids. Its paste with dried ginger applied internally in the treatment of goiter. The root is carminative 18. Infusion of a small piece of root is used for the treatment of white spot on race 19.
Phytochemistry of Bauhinia Purpurea: Bauhinia purpurea contain the major class of secondary metabolites is glycosides, flavonoids, saponins, triterpenoids, phenolic compounds, oxepins, fatty acids, and phytosterols. From the ethanolic extract of the whole plants of B.Purpurea, two new oxepins named bauhiniastatins 1 and 2 have been isolated and the ethanolic extract of root provides bauhiniastatins 1, 2, 3 pacharin Fig. 2 exhibit significant growth inhibition against a minipanel of human cancer cell lines 20. The structure has been established by chemical evidence and spectroscopy methods. A novel flavones glycoside, 5,6-dihydroxy-7-methoxyflavone 6-O-b-D-xylopyrano-side Fig. 3 was isolated from the chloroform-soluble fraction of the ethanolic extract of B. Purpurea stems 21.
Three glycerol derivatives and 6-butyl-3-hydroxyflavone derivatives are 2, 3-dihydroxy-propyl oleate, 2, 3 dihydroxypropyl linoleate, 2, 3- dihydroxypropyl 16-hydroxy-decanoate and 6-butyl-3-hydroxyflavone, 6-(3”-oxobutyl)-taxifolin Fig. 4 respectively isolated from methalonic extract of heartwood of B. Purpurea 22.
The two new dimeric flavonoids namely bis [3’, 4’-dihydroxy-6-methoxy - 7, 8 - furano - 5’, 6’-monomethylalloxy]-5- C - 5 - biflavonyl and (4’hydroxy-7-methyl 3- C-α-rhamnopyranose)-5-C-5-(4’-hydroxy-7- methyl - 3 – C – α - D-gluco-pyranosyl) bioflavonoid Fig. 5 with protein precipitating properties obtained from 70% aq. Acetone extract of B. purpurea leaves 23. The leaves of B. purpurea also afforded a mixture of phytol fatty esters, leutin and β-sitosterol Fig. 6 24. The petroleum ether fraction of ethanolic extract (95%) of B. purpurea leaf gave α- amyrin caprylate on successive column chromatography with petroleum ether (60-80º) and chloroform which gives Liebermann-Burchard test of triterpene. The compound is characterized by spectral analysis 25. In flower, volatile oils of both B. purpurea and B. variegata found monoterpenes (e.g., a-terpinene, limonene, myrcene, Linalool, citronellyl acetate) and a phenylpropanoid (eugenol) 26. The aqueous methanolic extract of the fresh flower of B. purpurea gives flavonoid quercetin and flavonoid glycosides isoquercitrin, astragalin Fig. 7 27 butein 4’ O-β-L-arabinopyranose-O-β-D-galactoside (mp 265º) isolated from the seed of B. purpura.
This gave the characteristic color reactions of a chalcone and ion hydrolysis with 8% ethanolic H2SO4 for 12 hr gave butein and a disaccharide, the component sugars which were found as galactose and arabinose 28. A new glycoside 3,4-dihydroxychalcone 4-O-β-L-arabinopyranose-O-β-D-galactopyranoside 9mp 365o) isolated from seed which gave the characteristic color reactions of a chalcone and gave 3,4-dihydroxychalcone, galactose and arabinose on acid hydrolysis (8% ethanolic H2SO4 for 12 h).
The identity of sugars was confirmed by co-chromatography with authentic samples and by the preparation of their osazones 29. After chalcone glycoside a novel flavones glycoside were isolated, Glycoside-6-4’-Dihydroxy-3’-prenyl- 3, 7, 5, 7’-Tetramethoxy Flavone-6-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside Fig. 8 from acetone soluble of ethanolic extract from the seed of B, purpurea which gives a positive test for Molisch and structure are confirmed by spectral data analysys 30. The CH2Cl2 extract of root of B. purpurea on purification yield 11 new compounds bauhinoxepin C-J, bauhinobenzofurin A, bauhispirorin A, bauhinol E, two flavanones (-)-strobopinin and demethoxymatteucinol and five known bibenzyls Fig. 9 which posses various pharmacological activities 31. All the compound were characterized by spectral analysis. Kachnar (B. purpurea) seeds were found to contain about 17.5% crude seed oil. The amount of neutral lipids in the crude seed oil was the highest (99% of total lipids), followed by glycolipids and phospholipids, respectively. Linoleic, followed by palmitic, oleic and stearic were the major fatty acids in the crude seed oil and its lipid classes. The ratio of unsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acid, was higher in neutral lipid classes than in the polar lipid fractions.
The oil was characterized by a relatively high amount of phytosterols, wherein the sterol markers were β-sitosterol and stigmasterol. Β-Tocopherol was the major tocopherol isomer with the rest being d-tocopherol 32. Bauhinia purpurea seed is a source of galactose and lactose-binding lectin, a peptide which interacts with carbohydrate. The amino acid sequence of the peptide that binds with lactose is Asp-Thr-Trp-Pro-Asp-Thr-Glu-Trp-Ser and is obtained of Bauhinia purpurea lectin by affinity chromatography of peptide with Asp-N endoproteinase or trysin on the column of lactose- Sepharose 4B or lactose-, maltose-, fucose- and di-N-ucetylchitobiose-Sepharose and by solid phase synthesis. This peptide exhibits lactose binding activity in the presence of calcium 33.
FIG. 2: STRUCTURE OF OXEPINS
FIG. 3: STRUCTURE OF FLAVONE GLYCOSIDE
FIG. 4: STRUCTURE OF 6-(3”-OXOBUTYL)- TAXIFOLIN
FIG. 5: STRUCTURE OF DIMERIC FLAVONOIDS
FIG. 6: STRUCTURE OF LEUTIN AND BETA-SITOSTEROL
FIG. 7: STRUCTURE OF FLAVONOIDS AND FLAVONOID GLYCOSIDES
FIG. 8: STRUCTURE OF NOVEL FLAVONE GLYCOSIDE
FIG. 9: STRUCTURE OF OXEPINS, FLAVONES AND BIBENZYLS
Pharmacological Properties of Bauhinia Purpurea:
Antinociceptive, Analgesic and Antipyretic Activity: The aqueous extract of leaf of B. purpurea possesses good antinociceptive, analgesic and antipyretic. The crude dried extract was prepared in doses of 6.0, 30.0 and 60.0 mg/kg and subjected to the respective. They have used antinociceptive (abdominal constriction, hot plate, and formalin tests), and antipyretic (brewer’s yeast-induced pyrexia test) assays. The 6.0 mg/kg AEBP exhibited the highest antinociceptive activity. The dose-independent antipyretic activity was observed only at the concentration 6.0 and 30.0 with the former showing remarkable activity even when compared with 100 mg/kg ASA34.
Zakaria et al. (2009) established the antinociceptive activity of chloroform extract of B. purpurea leaves using animals models. Analgesic activity of ethanolic extract of stem of B. purpurea was subjected. Different CNS depressant paradigms like analgesic activity (Eddy’s hot plate method and acetic acid writhing method) were carried out following the intraperitoneal administration of extract at dose level 50 and 100 mg/kg. The dose of 100 mg/kg was comparable with standard drugs 35. The ethyl acetate extract of stem bark of Bauhinia purpurea was found good analgesic activity tested at dose level 400 mg/kg by acetic acid induced writhing model and hot plate method 36.
Cardiac Activity: The cardiotonic activity of purified fraction-1 of ethanolic extract of stem of B. purpurea was studied and found that the fraction-1 has exhibited a positive inotropic and chronotropic effect on isolated frog’s heart. Its action is blocked by β2-adrenergic blocker propranolol. The characterization of the isolated compound based on structural studies is under progress 37.
Hormone Regulation: The aqueous alcoholic bark extract of B. purpura (2.5 mg/kg body weight) and aqueous root extract Withania somnifera (1.4 g/kg body weight) on daily administration for 20 days, stimulating thyroid function in female mice. Both the plant extracts showed an increase in hepatic glucose-6-phosphatase (G-6-Pase) activity and antiperoxidative effects as indicated either by a decrease in hepatic lipid peroxidation (LPO) and by an increase in the activity of the antioxidant enzyme(s). Serum triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) concentrations were increased significantly by Bauhinia Withania could enhance only serum T4 concentration 38.
Panda et al. (2003) studied the role of Emblica Officinalis L. and Bauhinia purpurea L. extracts in regulating thyroid functions were studied in male mice. Oral administration of Emblica Officinalis L. fruit extract at 30 mg/kg body weight each day for 20 days decreased serum T3 and T4 concentrations and hepatic O2 consumption. In contrast, daily administration of B. purpurea at 2.5 mg/kg body weight each day for 20 days increased serum T4 concentration and O2 consumption. Both the plant extracts exhibited hepatoprotective effects as evidenced by decreased lipid per oxidation 39.
Nephroprotective: The ethanolic extract of leaves and unripe pods of B. purpurea shows protective action on kidney induced by gentamycin induced nephrotoxicity. Extracts were administered intraperitoneal at dose level 300 mg/kg/day for 8 days reduced blood vessel congestion, epithelial desquamation, accumulation of anti-inflammatory cells and necrosis of kidney cells. This normalizes the increased level of serum creatinine, uric acid, urea, and blood urea nitrogen40.
Wound Healing Activity: Four different models excision, incision, burn and space wound were used to determine wound healing properties of chloroform and methanol extracts of leaves of B. purpurae. Low dose 2.5% (w/w) of chloroform and methanol extracts were prepared in hydrophilic and hydrophobic bases of excision, incision, burn wound models applied topically. Aloe vera 5% (w/w) was used as a standard. For dead space wound model 100 and 500 mg/kg and as a standard Aloe vera 300 mg/kg were given orally. B. purpurea has almost equal activity with Aloe vera in all four wound healing models41.
Anti-Diarrheal Activity: The ethanolic extract of leaves shows an inhibitory effect at different dose level on animal models castor oil induced diarrhea in rats and gastrointestinal motility test by using the charcoal meal. These inhibitory effects support the use of the leaves of B. purpurea in folklore medicine 42.
Antibacterial and Anti-Fungal Activity: The antimicrobial activity of leaf extract was determined in aqueous and organic extracts and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against six species of pathogenic and non-pathogenic microorganism - Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and candida albicans using the disk diffusion method. The chemical constituent organic plant extract were separated by Thin layer chromatography and purified by column chromatography and further identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Significant inhibitory activity was observed with methanol extracts of the plant against the test microorganisms while less antibacterial activity was observed in hexane, acetone and aqueous extracts 43.
Antioxidant Activity: It explored as well as compared the antioxidant activity of the different plant parts of B. purpurea Linn, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging and nitric oxide (NO) scavenging capacity were a measure to determine the antioxidant activity of both leaves and bark of the plant. Solvent-solvent partitioning was accomplished to obtain extracts of different polarities as n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol extract. All the extracts exhibited potent antioxidant activity in terms of DPPH and NO scavenging capacity 44.
Antidiabetic Activity: (A) It revealed that the bark of Bauhinia purpurea linn. was traditionally used as an astringent in diarrhea, the flower is laxative. The study was undertaken to evaluate antidiabetic activity of B. purpurea stem extract of chloroform, methanol, petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and was evaluated on mice, i.e. alloxan-induced diabetes in mice by glucometer method and higher values showed the significant values 45.
(B) It evaluated antidiabetic activity of ethanol extract of Bauhinia Purpurea linn plant parts, viz stem, root, leaf, and flowers in wistar rats. Diabetes Mellitus was induced in the rat by single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ, 50 mg/kg body weight). After STZ induction, the hyperglycemic rats were treated with all three extracts orally at the dose of 200 mg/kg body weight daily for 15 days. Given clamide (0.5 mg/kg body weight p.o.) was used as reference drug. The fasting blood glucose levels were measured on every 5th day during the 15-day treatment. All the extract at 100, 200, 400 mg/kg orally significantly (p<0.001) exhibited antidiabetic activity in STZ-induced diabetic rats by reducing and normalizing the elevated fasting blood glucose level as compared to those of STZ control group. The methanol extract was most active 46.
(C) The rat is showing blood glucose level 250-350 mg/dl were considered as a diabetic rat, induced by alloxan. The hypoglycemic activity of ethanolic extract and purified fraction-1 of the stem of B. purpurea were studied and found that the dose of 100 mg/dl (i.p.) reduces serum glucose level of Wistar rats due to inhibition of cyclooxygenase and promote β-cell regeneration 47.
Anti-inflammatory Activity: It reviewed a large group of medicinal plants including B. purpurea which were used as traditional medicine and had the potential to cure various ailments and reported that medicinal plants have potent anti-inflammatory activity. Various models tested for anti-inflammatory activity. Carrageenan, Histamine, Dextran, Serotonin, induced hind paw edema, cotton pellet induced granuloma Freund’s Adjuvant were the standard experimental models of acute and sub-acute and chronic inflammation respectively. The test phytodrugs were effective in all the models of inflammation48.
Antiulcer Activity: This reviewed the plants which have efficacy to protect or treat gastric ulcer induced by various factors. B. purpurea and other plants had been screened by in vivo and in vitro, possessing anti-ulcer activity and can be used as an alternate source to treat ulcer 49.
Antimalarial, Antimycobacterial, Antifungal and Cytotoxicity Activities: The isolated compounds from roots exhibited antimycobacterial activity with MIC valve ranging from 24.4 to 740.7 µM. Among the compounds bauhinoxepins J is a potent antimycobacterial agent activity having MIC 24.4 µM. Among the isolated metabolites, compounds 6,7, 8 and 13 exhibited antimalarial activity (IC50 5.8-11.2 µM), while compounds 1,4,9,15 and 18 exhibited antifungal activity (IC50 49.6-130.1 µM) Compound 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, and 18 exhibited cytotoxicity towards KB and BC cell line with IC50 values ranging from 10.5 to 72.3 µM. Compounds 4 and 7 posses potent anti-inflammatory activity inhibiting the COX-2 enzyme with an IC50 value of 6.9 and 10.1 µM respectively 50.
CONCLUSION: The scientific research on B. purpurea is suggested a huge biological potential of this plant. It is strongly believed that detailed information as presented in this review on the phytochemical and various biological properties of the extracts might provide detailed evidence for the use of this plant in different medicines. The phytochemical variation and efficacy of the medicinal values of B. purpurea are dependent on geographical locations.
Even today, plant is the almost exclusive source of drugs for a majority of the world population. Therefore, it remains a challenge for the scientist to provide efficient, safe and cheap medication, especially for the rural area. These Bauhinia species and their quantification of individual phytoconstituents as well as a pharmacological profile based on in vitro, in vivo studies and on clinical trial should be further investigated.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: The authors thank Prof. (Dr.) S. K. Prajapati, Head of Department of Institute of Pharmacy, Bundelkhand University. The authors are also thankful to Asst. Prof. Shashi Alok for his valuable suggestions during the work.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST: Nil
REFERENCES:
- Research Guideline for Evaluating the safety and efficacy of herbal Medicines. WHO, Manila. Philippines, 1993:2.
- Kirtikar KR and Basu BD: Indian Medicinal plant, 2nd edition International book distributors; Dehradun 1991; 2: 856-860.
- Kietikar KR and Basu BA: Indian Medicinal plants 2nd edition, periodical experts book agency, New Delhi, India. 1991; 856-860.
- The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia, Vol-1st, part-1: 73.
- Khare CP: Encyclopaedia of Indian Medicinal Plant, Springer-Verlag, New York 2004: 95-96.
- Jha LK: Advances in Agroforestry. APH Publishing Corporations, New Delhi, India 1995: 669.
- Chopra RN, Nayar SL and Chopra IC: Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants. CSIR, New Delhi, ISBN: 8172361262; 1996
- Rajaram N and Janardranan K: Chemical composition and nutritional potential of the tribal pulse, Bauhinia purpurea, racemosa and B. vahlii. J Sci Food Agric 1991; 55: 423-431.
- Patil VK: Prospect and potential of medicinal and aromatic plant in Chattisgarh. IG Agriculture University, Raipur, India 2003: 17.
- Kurjan JC: Plant that Heal. 7th edition, Oriental Watchman Publishing House, Pune 2004: 31.
- Wassel M, abdel-Wahab SM and Ammar NM: Constituents of the essential oils from Bauhinia variegata and Bauhinia purpurea L. flowers. Sci Pharm 1996; 54: 357-361.
- Jones DT and German P: Flora of Malaysia. Oxford University Press, Oxford 1993: 154.
- Asolkar LV, Kakkar KK and Chakre OJ: Second Supplement to Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants with active principles. National Institute of Science Communication, New Delhi 2000.
- Kalakoti BS and Pangtey YPS: Ethno-medicine of Bhotia tribes of Kumaon Himalaya, UP. Bull Med Ethno Bot Res 1998; 9: 11-20.
- Pawar S and Patil DA: Ethnomedicinal uses of barks in Jalgaon district. Nat. Prod. Radiance. 2007; 6: 341-346.
- Patil GG, Mali PY and Bhadane VV: Folk remedies used against respiratory disorders in Jalgaon district, Maharashtra. Nat Prod Radiance 2008; 7: 354-358.
- Das AK, Datta BK and Sharma GD: Medicinal plants used by different tribes of Cachar districts, Assam. Ind J Trad Knowledge 2008 7: 446-454.
- Chatterjee A and Pakrashi SC: The Treatise of Indian Medicinal Plants. Vol. 2, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi 1992.
- Kamble SY, Patil SR, Sawant PS, Sawant S, Pawar SG and Singh E.A: Studied on plant used in traditional medicine by Bhilla tribe of Maharashtra. Indian J. Trad. Knowledge 2010; 9: 591-598.
- Pettit GR, Numata A, Iwamoto C, Usami Y, Yamada T, Ohishi H and Cragg GM: Antineoplastic agent 551 isolation and structure of Bauhiniastatins-1-4 from Bauhinia purpurea. J Nat Prod 2006; 69: 323-327.
- Yadav RN and Tripathi P: A novel flavones glycoside from the stem of purpurea. Fitoterapia 2000; 71: 88-90.
- Kuo YH, Yeh MH and Huan SL: A novel 6-butyl-3-hydroxyflavanone from heartwood of Bauhinia purpurea. Phytochemistry 1998; 49: 2529-2530.
- Yadav S and Bhadoria BK: Two dimeric flavonoids from Bauhinia purpurea. Ind J Chem 2005; 44: 2604-2607.
- Ragasa CY, Hofilena JG and Rideout J: Secondary metabolite from Bauhinia purpurea. J Sci Food Agric 2004; 55: 423-431.
- Verma T and Chandrashekar KS: A-amyrin caprilate - A new triterpene isolated from the leaf of Bauhinia purpurea linn. Asian J Res Chem 2009; 2: 569-570.
- Wassel M, Abdel-Wahab SM and Ammar NM: Constituents of the essential oils from Bauhinia variegata and Bauhinia purpurea L. flowers. Sci Pharm 1986; 54: 357-361.
- Ramchandra R and Joshi BC: Chemical examination of Bauhinia purpurea Curr Sci 1967; 36: 574-575.
- Bhartiya HP, Dubey P, Katiyar SB and Gupta PC: A new chalcone glycoside from Bauhinia purpurea. Phytochemistry 1979; 18: 689-689.
- Bhartiya HP and Gupta PC: Chalcone glycoside from the seeds of Bauhinia purpurea. Phytochemistry 1981; 20: 2051-2051.
- Yadav RN and Sodhi S: A novel flavones glycoside-6-4-diahydroxy-3-prenyl-3,7,5,7-tetramethoxy flavones-6-O-a-L-rhamnopyranoside was isolated from seed of Bauhinia purpurea. Asian J Chem 2000; 13: 529-533.
- Boophong S, Puangsombat P, Barmee A, Mahidol C, Ruchirawat S and Kittakoop P: Bioactive compounds from Bauhinia purpurea possessing Antimalarial, antimycobacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic activities. J Nat Prod 2000; 70: 795-801.
- Ramadana MF, Sharanabasappab G, Seetharamb YN, Seshagiric M and Moerseld JT: Characterization of fatty acids and bioactive compounds of kachnar (Bauhinia purpurea) seed oil. Food Chem 2006; 98: 359-365.
- Yamamoto K, Konami Y, Kusui K and Osawa T: Purification and characterization of a carbohydrate-binding peptide from Bauhinia purpurea FEBS Lett 1981; 281: 258-262.
- Zakaria ZA, Loo YW, Abdul-Rehman NI, Abdul-Ayub AH, sulaiman MR and Kumar GH: Antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties of Bauhinia purpurea leaves aqueous extract in experimental animals. Med Prin Prac 2007; 16: 443-449.
- Shreedhara CS, Vaidya VP, Vagdevi HM, Latha KP, Muralikrishna KS and Krupanidhi AM: Screening of Bauhinia purpurea linn. for analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities. Indian J Pharmacol 2009; 41: 75-79.
- Chandrashekar KS, Kumar T, Joshi AB, Santanu S and Hitesh: Anti-inflammatory activity of Bauhinia purpurea stem barks extract against carrageenan induced rat paw edema. Herbal Heritage 2009a 1: 42-45.
- Muralikrishna KS, Latha KP, Shreedhara CS, Vaidya VP and Krupanidhi AM: Effect of Bauhinia purpurea on alloxan-induced diabetic rats and isolated frogs heart. Int J Green Pharm 2008; 2: 83-86.
- Panda S and Kar A: Withania somnifera and Bauhinia purpurea in the regulation of circulating thyroid hormone concentration in female mice. J Ethnopharmacol 1999; 67: 233-239.
- Panda S, Karr A and Bharti S: Regulation of thyroid function in mice with extract of Emblica officinalis and B. purpurea Linn. J Herb Spices Med Plants 2003; 10: 1-9.
- Lakshmi BVS, Neelima N, Kashturi N, Umarani V and Sudhakar M: Protective effect of Bauhinia purpurea on gentamycin induced nephrotoxicity in rat. Indian J Pharm Sci 2009; 71: 551-554.
- Ananth KV, Asad M, Kumar NP, Asdaq SMB and Rao GS: Evaluation of wound healing potential of Bauhinia purpurea leaf extracts in Rats. Indian J Pharm Sci 2010; 72: 122-127.
- Mukherjee PK, Gopal TK and Subburaju T: Studies on the anti-diarrheal profiles on Bauhinia purpurea leaves extract. Nat Prod Sci 1998; 4: 234-237.
- Negi BS, Dave BP and Agarwal YK: Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of Bauhinia purpurea leave under in vitro condition; Indian J Microbial 2012; 52(3): 360-365.
- Urmi KF, Begum SMG, Ifa T and Hamid K: Comparative antioxidant activity of different parts of Bauhinia purpurea linn. Biology and Medicine 2013. 5: 78-82.
- Meshram SS, Itankal PR and Patil AT: To study antidiabetic activity of stem bark of Bauhinia purpurea Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 2013; 2(1): 171-175.
- Sharma PK and Shastry CS: Evaluation of antidiabetic activity of Bauhinia purpurea Linn in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. International Journal of Advances in pharmacy, Biology and Chemistry 2012; 1(4): 536-539.
- Muralikrishna KS, Latha KP, Shreedhara CS, Vaidya VP and Krupanidhi AM: Effect of Bauhinia purpurea on alloxan-induced diabetic rats and isolated frogs heart. Int J Green Pharm 2008; 2: 83-86.
- Murugesan D and Deviponnuswamy R: Potential anti-inflammatory medicinal plants- a review. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science 2014; 6(4): 43-49.
- Sultana S, Akram M, Asif HM and Akhtar N: Complementary and alternative approaches to treat peptic ulcer. International Research Journal of Pharmacy 2014 5(5): 353-359.
- Boophong S, Puangsombat P, Barmee A, Mahidol C, Ruchirawat S and Kittakoop P: Bioactive compounds from purpurea possessing antimalarial, antimycobacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic activities. J Nat Prod 2007; 70: 795-801.
How to cite this article:
Chanchal DK, Niranjan P, Alok S, Singh S and Saurabh: An update on ayurvedic herb Kachhnar (Bauhinia purpurea Linn.)- a review. Int J Pharmacognosy 2015; 2(8): 381-90. doi link: http://dx.doi.org/10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.IJP.2(8).381-90.
This Journal licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non-commercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported License.
Article Information
2
381-390
1246
2303
English
IJP
D. K. Chanchal *, P. Niranjan, S. Alok, S. Singh and Saurabh
Department of Pharmacognosy, Institute of Pharmacy, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh, India.
chanchaldilip014@gmail.com
10 June 2015
15 July 2015
11 August 2015
10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.IJP.2(8).381-390
31 August 2015