WOUND HEALING MEDICINAL PLANT OF INDIA: A REVIEW
HTML Full TextWOUND HEALING MEDICINAL PLANT OF INDIA: A REVIEW
Rohit Adhav *, Piyush Mantry and G. N. Darwhekar
Acropolis Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Manglia, Indore - 453001, Madhya Pradesh, India.
ABSTRACT: The traditional Indian medicine - Ayurveda, describes various herbs, fats, oils and minerals with anti-aging as well as wound healing properties. Wounds are the result of injuries to the skin that disrupt the soft tissue. Wound healing can be defined as a complex dynamic process results in the restoration of anatomic continuity and function. Various plant products have been used in the treatment of wounds over the years. Wound healing herbal extracts promote blood clotting, fight infection, and accelerate the healing of wounds. Hence in the current review, a list of the plants used in traditional medicine for the treatment of wounds was screened. It is a beneficial work for researchers to provide many details about the wound healing herbs and development of safe and effective and globally accepted herbal drugs for cuts and wounds.
Keywords: |
Chamomile, BALB/c mice, Escherichia coli, In-vivo
INTRODUCTION: Wounds are a major case of physical disabilities 1. A wound which is disturbed the state of tissue caused by physical, chemical, microbial (or) immunological insults (or) typically associated with loss function. According to the wound healing society, wounds are physical injuries that result in an opening (or) break of the skin that causes a disturbance in the normal skin anatomy and function 2. Wound healing is an interaction of complex cascade of cellular and biochemical actions healing to the restoration of structural and functional integrity with regain of the strength of injured tissues. Involves continuous cell-cell interaction and cell-matrix interactions that allow the process to proceed in different overlapping phases and process including inflammation, wound contraction, Re epithelialization tissue, remodeling, & formation of granulation tissue with angiogenesis 3.
Several factors delay (or) reduce the wound healing process including bacterial infection, necrotic tissue, & interference with blood supply, lymphatic blockage & diabetes mellitus, generally, if any agent could alter the above factors, an increased healing rate could be achieved 4. Many Ayurvedic plants have a very important role in the process of wound healing. Plants are more potent healers because they promote the repair mechanisms in the natural way 5. Plant-based therapy not only accelerates the healing process and also maintains the aesthetics 9. More than 70% of wound healing pharma products are plant-based, 20% are mineral based and remaining containing animal products as their base material.
The plant base materials are used first aid – antiseptic coagulants and wound wash 6. In recent times, focus on plant researchers has increased all over the world and a large body of evidence has collected to show the immense potential of medicinal plants used in various traditional systems. More than 13,000 plants have been studied during the last five years period 7. Probably these reviews used to findings for wound healing activity of some medicinal plants are highlighted here.
Allum cepa Linn. (Liliaceae): Allium cepa Linn. belongs to the family of Liliaceae. It N-sitosterol, ferulic acid, myritic acid, prostaglandins. These constituents used as abortifacient and bulb extract was shown to have an economic effect in rats. Allium cepa Linn is proved that antidiabetic 8 Antioxidant, antihypertensive, antithrombotic, hypoglycemic & hyperlipidemic Activities 9. Phytochemical screening of Allium cepa Linn revealed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, proteins & other important constituents. Flavonoids have been documented which is believed to be one of the most important components of wound healing. The enhanced wound healing may be due to free radical scavenging action and the antibacterial property of the Phytoconstituents present in it which either due to their individual or additive effect fastens the process of wound healing. This could be the reason for prohealing activity of Allium cepa Linn.
FIG. 1: ALLUM CEPA LINN.
2. Alternanthera sessilis (Amaranthaceae): Alternanthera sessilis Linn (Amaranthaceae) is an annual (or) perennial prostate weed, found throughout the hottest part of India 10. The plant has been scientifically proven to consist of chemical spinosterols 11 lupeol isolated from roots 12 the plant has been reported as a galactagogue, chologague, abortifacient, febrifuge & indigestion 13. The leaves used in eye diseases, in cuts & wounds, the antidote for snake bite & scorpion sting and skin diseases. The wound healing property of Alternanthera sessilis Linn attributed to phytoconstituents present in the plant. Sterols were the major constituents, and it is responsible for wound healing activity.
FIG. 2: ALTERNANTHERA SESSILIS LINN.
Aspila Africana: (Compositae): Aspila Africana C.D. Adams (Compositae) an herb about 1 m tall covered with bristles & commonly known as ‘Hemorrhage plant’ due to this ability to stop bleeding from fresh wounds 14. The bruised leaves and flowers of Aspila Africana are used to clean the surface of sores which subsequently heal 15. The plant is widespread in Africa. It is used for the treatment of rheumatic pain & it has been reported to possess’ hemostatic 16, anti-bacterial, membrane stabilization & anti-inflammatory activities. Phytochemical analysis of the plant extracts revealed the presence of terpenoid, saponins & tannins 17.
FIG. 3: ASPILA AFRICANA
Mussaenda frondosa. Linn. (Rubiaceae): M. frondosa commonly called as Nagavalli reported possesses some medicinal properties. It is used as a folk medicine for the treatment of the wound in a different part of the world 18. The leaves are traditionally used for the treatment of jaundice, asthma, hyperacidity, fever, ulcer, leprosy, and diuretic, wound & swells. This plant has been investigated by several workers Antimicrobial 19, Diuretic activity 20 Hepatoprotective activity 21, activity on fever, asthma & cough 22 was reported in the leaf extract. The leaves of Mussaenda frondosa Linn possess the presence of various secondary metabolites like steroids, glycosides, saponins, Resins, mucilage & flavonoid 23.
FIG. 4: MUSSAENDA FRONDOSA LINN.
Aristolochia bracteata (Aristolochiaceae) & Cassia tora (Leguminosae): The process of wound healing involves a variety of biological responses, such as acute inflammation, cellular proliferation and a contraction of collagen lattice formed 25. Aristolochia bracteate belongs to the family Aristolochiaceae. Cassia tora (Leguminosae) is used in traditional medicine as a gastric stimulant and in the treatment of cancer, lung inflammation; dysentery and snake bite 26.
CONCLUSION: It is a wild crop plant and grows in most parts of India as a weed. According to Ayurveda the leaves & seeds are acrid 27 laxatives, antiperiodic, anthelmintic, ophthalmic, liver tonic, cardiotonic & expectorant. The leaves & seeds are useful in leprosy, ringworm, flatulence, colic, dyspepsia, constipation, cough, bronchitis, cardiac disorders 28. The chemical component of Cassia tora are anthraquinones, chrysophanol, emodin, obtusifoliol, obtusin, chryso- obtusin, aurantio-obtusin, & their glycosides 29. Miss. Jayasudha concludes that the wound contracting ability of the extracts was significantly greater than that of the control, which was comparable to that of the reference standard nitrofurazone ointment 30.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: Nil
CONFLICT OF INTEREST: Nil
REFERENCES:
- Baddui, Prakesh and Nagori: Role of medicinal plants in wound healing; Research Journal of Medicinal Plants 2011; 5(4): 392-40.
- Strodtbeck F: Physiology of wound healing, newborn infant nurse 2001; I: 43-45.
- Martin P: Wound healing - Aiming for perfect skin regeneration. Science 1991; 276(5309): 75-81.
- Chitra P, Sajithalal GB and Chandrakasan G: Influence Aloe vera, on collagen turnover in healing of dermal wounds in rats: Indian journal of Exp. Biol, 1998; 36: 896-901.
- Chitrashenoy, Patil MB and Ravikumar: Preliminary phytochemical investigation and wound healing activity of Allium cepalin (Liliaceae). International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 2009; 2(2).
- Kumar B, Govindarajan M, Pusphagandan R: Ethanol pharmacological approaches to wound healing- Exploring medicinal plants of India. A Journal of Ethano Pharmacology 2007; 114(2): 103-113.
- Biswas TK and Mukarjee B: Plant medicine as Indian origin for wound healing activity: A Review International Journal of Lower Extremity Wounds 2003; 2: 25-36.
- Dahanukar SA, Kulkarni RA and Rege NN: Pharmacology of medicinal plants and natural products. Indian Journal of Pharmacology 2000; 32: S81-S118.
- Galal EE and Gawad MA: Antidiabetic activity of Egyptian onion Allium cepa extract; J Egypt Med Assoc, 1965; 48: 14-45.
- Sharaf A: An ecobolic: effect of Allium cepa in mice andrats. Qalit. Plant Mat Veg 1969; 17: 153.
- The wealth of India: Raw materials vol1 (Revised), New Delhi. CSIR 1985; 318-9.
- Rastogi RP: a compendium of medicinal plant 2 nd ed. Lucknow CDRI 1993; 1970 -79.
- Gupta AK: Indian medicinal plants New Delhi. ICMAR, 2004; 151-7.
- Anadkumar BH and Sachidanand YN: Treatment of Acne vulgaris with new polyherbal formulation clarina cream; Indian Dermatol 2001; 46: 1-3.
- Adams CD, Usman LA and Oladosu IA: Chemical composition of leaf oil of Nigerian grown Aspilia Africana. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 2001; 4(4): 346-348.
- Lwu MM: Handbook of African medicinal plants, CRC press Inc New York 1993: 4- 8.
- Achonye EL: A pharmacological investigation of hemostatic action of pressed leaf extract of Aspilia lactifolia (composite). B. Pharmthesis, pharmacology & toxicology department, University of Nigeria 1976: 23-31.
- Kapil A, Koul I and Suri OP: Antihepatotoxic effects of chlorogenic acid from Anthocephalus cadamba. Phytother Res 1995; 9(3): 189-193
- Basu BD and Kirtikar K: Indian medicinal plants vol-II, New Delhi, M/S Bishan sing, Mahndrapalsingh 1998; 1481.
- Patil SA, Joshi VG and Sutar PS: Screening of alcoholic extract of Mussaenda frondosa leaf for wound healing and antibacterial activities in albino rats Pharmacologyonline, 2010; 2: 761-773.
- Sambrkar SN, Patil PA and Kangralkar VA: Protective activity of Musssaenda frondasa leaf extract against paracetamol-induced hepatic damage in wistar Journal of Pharmacology Research 2010; 3(4).
- Tsuchiya H: Comparative study on antibacterial activity of phytochemical 7-34flavones against methicillin resistance Staphylococcus aureus. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1996; 50; 2.
- Patil SA and Johi VG: Evaluation of antibacterial and wound healing activity of leaves of Mussaenda frondosa. Linn. International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences 2011; 2(1).
- Chandayak: The wealth of India, A dictionary of Indian raw materials industrial products New Delhi. Council of Scientific and Industrial Research 1991; 28 -30.
- Reddy JS and Rao PR: Wound healing effect of Heliotropium indicum, Plumbago zeylanium and Acalypha indica in rats. J. Ethnopharmacol 2002; 79: 249-251.
- Negi PS, Anandharamakrishnan C and Jayaprakasha GK: Antibacterial activity of Aristolochia bracteate roots extracts. J Med Food 2003; 6(4): 401-403.
- Silva O, Duarte A and Pimental M: Antimicrobial activity of Terminalia macroptera J. Ethanopharmacol 1997; 57: 203-207.
- Ahmad I, Mehmood Z and Mohammad F: Screening of some Indian medicinal plants for their antimicrobial properties. J Ethnopharmacol 1998; 62: 183-193.
- Chan MJ and Peria LM: Plant natural products with leishmanicidal activity. Nat Prod Rep 2001; 18: 674-688.
- Jayasutha J, Monic S and Nithila J: Evaluation of wound healing activity of ethanolic extract of aristolochia bracteata and Cassia tora on Wistar Albino rats International Journal of Pharm Tech Research 2011; 3(3): 1547-1550.
How to cite this article:
Adhav R, Mantry P and Darwhekar GN: Wound healing medicinal plant of India: a review. Int J Pharmacognosy, 2015; 2(1): 6-10. doi: 10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.2(1).6-10.
This Journal licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non-commercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported License.
Article Information
2
6-10
635
1855
English
Ijp
R. Adhav *, P. Mantry and G. N. Darwhekar
Acropolis Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research. Manglia Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India.
rohitadhavpharma11@acropolis.edu.in
21 November 2014
29 December 2014
30 December 2014
http://dx.doi.org/10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.IJP.2(1).6-10
01 January 2015