THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL OF MEDICINAL PLANTS FROM ANDHRA PRADESH
HTML Full TextTHERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL OF MEDICINAL PLANTS FROM ANDHRA PRADESH
Sree Mahalakshmi Pasumarthy * and Ch. Nikitha
Department of Pharmacology, Narayana Pharmacy College, Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, India.
ABSTRACT: Andhra Pradesh possesses remarkable floristic diversity due to its varied geography, climate, coastal plains, Eastern Ghats, and dry deciduous forest regions. For generations, tribal groups and rural communities in the state have relied on ethnomedicinal plants as an important source of primary healthcare. This study presents a comprehensive account of 59 ethnomedicinal plant species belonging to 35 different families traditionally used across various parts of Andhra Pradesh. These documented plant species are widely utilized for managing common health conditions such as fever, diabetes, gastrointestinal disorders, skin diseases, respiratory problems, inflammatory conditions, liver ailments, wounds and reproductive health issues. Various plant parts including roots, rhizomes, stems, leaves, bark, flowers, fruits, seeds, and whole plants are employed in preparing traditional remedies. Their therapeutic value is associated with bioactive compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, glycosides, terpenoids, steroids, and phenolic substances. Proper documentation of these plant species is vital for safeguarding indigenous knowledge and promoting the sustainable use of medicinal plant resources. Moreover, scientific validation through phytochemical and pharmacological studies is necessary to support traditional claims and encourage the development of safe, affordable, and effective herbal medicines from the ethnobotanical heritage of Andhra Pradesh for future healthcare initiatives and drug discovery research.
Keywords: Ethnomedicinal plants, Andhra Pradesh, Ethnobotany, Traditional medicine, Indigenous knowledge
INTRODUCTION: Ethnomedicinal plants have been closely associated with human life since ancient times. Before the advent of modern medicine and hospitals, people depend on plants available in their surroundings to treat diseases and maintain good health. This traditional knowledge, passed down from generation to generation, continues to play an important role in healthcare, especially in developing regions. Even today, plant-based remedies remain a trusted and effective means of treatment for many common health problems.
India has a long history of traditional medicine, and Andhra Pradesh is one of the states where the use of ethnomedicinal plants is still widely practiced. A large section of the population, particularly in rural and tribal areas, relies on these plants for treating ailments such as fever, cough, digestive disorders, diabetes, skin diseases, wounds, respiratory infections, and inflammatory conditions. These remedies are easily available, cost-effective, and culturally accepted, making them highly beneficial for society, especially for people who have limited access to modern healthcare facilities 1.
The state is home to several tribal communities including the Chenchus, Yanadis, Koyas, Lambadis, Savaras, and Yerukalas, who possess valuable indigenous knowledge about medicinal plants. For these communities, ethnomedicinal plants serve as the primary source of healthcare, as they are familiar with the methods of plant collection, preparation, and application based on long-standing traditions and practical experience.
Ethnomedicinal plants are useful to society not only for treating diseases but also for promoting overall health and preventing illness. Different parts of plants such as roots, leaves, bark, flowers, fruits, seeds, and whole plants are used in various forms like decoctions, powders, pastes, and juices. Their therapeutic effects are due to the presence of bioactive compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, glycosides, terpenoids, steroids, and phenolic compounds, which exhibit antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antidiabetic, and immune-boosting properties.
In recent years, interest in ethnomedicinal plants has increased because of the growing demand for safe, natural, and affordable medicines. However, traditional knowledge is gradually disappearing due to modernization, deforestation, and changing lifestyles. Therefore, documenting and preserving ethnomedicinal knowledge is essential for the benefit of present and future generations. Scientific validation of traditional plant uses can help integrate this knowledge into modern healthcare systems and support the development of new herbal drugs, while also conserving biodiversity and supporting community health in Andhra Pradesh 2.
METHODOLOGY: This review used a structured literature search to identify medicinal plants from Andhra Pradesh that have been claimed to have therapeutic potential. Electronic databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Science Direct, and Web of Science were thoroughly searched for relevant research published between 2010 and 2025. Keywords used in the search method included: "medicinal plants Andhra Pradesh," "ethnopharmacology AP," "cardioprotective plants," "phytoconstituents," "traditional herbal medicine India," and "in-vitro, in-vivo, clinical studies on medicinal plants."
Inclusion Criteria: Plants Traditionally Used in Andhra Pradesh Studies describing phytoconstituents and pharmacological activity. Evidence obtained through in-vitro, in-vivo, or clinical research.
Exclusion Criteria: Studies lack scientific confirmation. Duplicate or retracted publications. Articles that lack precise information about plant identity or activities.
59 medicinal plants were chosen based on the availability of pharmacological evidence and their potential therapeutic applications. The data gathered comprised the scientific name, common name, family, plant part used, phytoconstituents, mode of action, and medicinal applications. The collected data was thoroughly examined and compiled into tables to compare pharmaceutical effects.
TABLE 1: PLANTS WITH VARIOUS THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITIES, PHYTOCONSTITUENTS
| S. no. | Scientific name &
common name |
Family | Chemical constituents | Part of plant | Clinical indications | Ref. |
| 1. | Achyranthes aspera
(Uttareni)
|
Amaranthaceae
|
Triterpenoids: Oleanolic acid
Phytoecdysteroids: Ecdysterone Alkaloids: Achyranthine |
Whole plant
|
Acts as a blood purifier and helps to heal wounds due to its anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties. |
[3]
|
| 2. | Alternanthera sessilis
(Ponnaganti kura)
|
Amaranthaceae
|
Flavonoids: Quercetin, Luteolin
Terpenoids: β-Amyrin Carotenoids: β–carotene Vitamins: Vitamin C |
Leaves | Improves digestion and used for stomach disorders; also supports general nutrition.
|
[4] |
| 3. | Amaranthus spinosus
(Mulla Thotakura)
|
Amaranthaceae
|
Sterols:
β-Sitosterol Flavonoids:Rutin, Quercetin Betalains: Amaranthine |
leaves | Reduces inflammation and relieves from pain;
also used for treating skin swelling and joint pains. |
[5] |
| 4. | Acorus calamus
(Vasa) |
Apiaceae | Phenylpropanoids: α-Asarone, β-Asarone
Phenolics: Eugenol Sesquiterpenes: Calamenol |
Rhizome | Works as a digestive stimulant and reduces gas, bloating, and stomach discomfort.
|
[6] |
| 5. | Colocasia esculenta
(Chamadumpa)
|
Araceae
|
Carbohydrates: Starch
Phenolics: Caffeic acid Flavonoids: Quercetin |
Leaves&corn | used externally in poultices for burns and skin irritation; corms support nutrition. |
[7] |
| 6. | Ageratum conyzoides
(Goat weed)
|
Asteraceae
|
Coumarins: Umbelliferone
Flavonoids: Quercetin Chromenes: Precocene I & II Essential oils: Caryophyllene |
leaves | Antimicrobial wound healing.
|
[8] |
| 7. | Blumea lacera
(Nagadanthi)
|
Asteraceae
|
Essential oils:
Thymol, Pinene Terpenoids: Limonene Flavonoids: Luteolin Alkaloids: Trace alkaloids |
Leaves | Treats digestive problems, cough and
cold.
|
[9] |
| 8. | Eclipta alba
(Bhringraj)
|
Asteraceae
|
Coumestans:
Wedel lactone, Dimethyl wedel lactone Flavonoids: Luteolin Alkaloids: Ecliptine |
Whole plant | Liver tonic; promotes hair growth and scalp health.
|
[10] |
| 9. | Spilanthes acmella
(Toothache Plant)
|
Asteraceae
|
Alkyl amides: Spilanthol
Flavonoids: Quercetin Tannins: Catechin Limonene |
Flower | Used for toothache; strong antimicrobial activity.
|
[11] |
| 10. | Heliotropism indicum
(Nalla Vavili)
|
Boraginaceae | Alkaloids: Pyrrolizidine alkaloids
Saponins: Triterpenoid saponins Flavonoids: Kaempferol Terpenoids: β-Amyrin |
Leaves | Used for eye infections, wounds, and inflammation.
|
[12] |
| 11. | Brassica juncea
(Indian Mustard)
|
Brassicaceae | Glucosinolates: Sinigrin
Isothiocyanates: Allyl isothiocyanate Flavonoids: Quercetin Sterols: Campesterol |
Leaves /seeds | Relieves muscle pain; reduces inflammation.
|
[13] |
| 12. | Cassia auriculata
(Tangedu)
|
Fabaceae
|
Flavonoids: Kaempferol, Quercetin
Anthraquinones: Emodin Tannins: Gallic acid Glycosides: Flavonoid glycosides |
Flowers, Leaves, Bark, Roots, Seeds
|
Flowers used in diabetes management.
Leaf and bark decoction for skin diseases.
|
[14] |
| 13. | Clitoria ternatea
(Shankhapushpi)
|
Fabaceae
|
Flavonoids: Kaempferol
Anthocyanins: Delphinidin Glycosides: Clitorin |
Roots/ Flower
|
Memory and cognition enhancer.
Anti-stress and anti- Anxiety.
|
[15]
|
| 14. | Tamarindus indica
(Chintaku) |
Fabaceae
|
Organic acids:
Tartaric acid Polyphenols: Procyanidins Flavonoids: Catechin |
Fruit, Leaves
|
Digestive disorders like indigestion.
Appetite stimulant
|
[16] |
| 15. | Ocimum tenuiflorum
Tulasi |
Lamiaceae
|
Phenolics:
Eugenol Triterpenoids: Ursolic acid Phenolic acids: Rosmarinic acid |
Leaves seeds
|
Cold, Cough, Fever
Respiratory disorders – Asthma, Bronchitis Immunity booster
|
[17] |
| 16. | Coleus forskohlii
(Makandi) |
Lamiaceae
|
Flavonoids:
Forskolin
|
Roots
|
Hypertension, Weight management and metabolic disorders |
[18] |
| 17. | Abutilon indicum
(Tutturabenda)
|
Malvaceae
|
Flavonoids: Quercetin
Alkaloids: Abutiline Sterols: β-Sitosterol |
Leaves, Roots
|
Inflammation:
Joint pain, Swelling, Skin disorders: cuts, wounds Diuretic |
[19] |
| 18 | Hibiscus Rosa-sinensis
(Mandara)
|
Malvaceae
|
Anthocyanins: Cyanidin
Flavonoids: Quercetin Polysaccharides: Mucilage |
Flower
|
Hair growth andscalp
Health. Skin care – soothing inflammation, Mild anti-inflammatory. |
[20] |
| 19. | Azadirachta indica
(Neem) |
Meliaceae
|
Limonoids: Azadirachtin
Terpenoids: Nimbin Flavonoids: Quercetin |
Leaves, Bark
|
Skin diseases: Acne, Ulcers
Blood purifier Antimicrobial:bacterial, fungal infections |
[21] |
| 20. | Tinospora cordifolia
(Tippateega) |
Menispermaceae
|
Alkaloids:
Berberine Diterpenoid: Tinosporone Glycosides: Cordifolioside Sterols: β-Sitosterol |
Stem, Leaves
|
Fever and infections
Diabetes management Immune booster Anti-inflammatory and Hepatoprotective activity |
[22]
|
| 21. | Arbus precatorius L.
(Rosary Pea) |
Fabaceae | Alkaloids:
Abrine Glycoproteins: Abrin Flavonoids: Quercetin Triterpenoids: β-Amyrin |
Stem | 1to2 spoonful of powder with glass of hotwater taken orally for 2 weeks to get relief from intestine ulcer. | [23] |
| 22. | Andrographis paniculata
(Kalamegha) |
Acanthaceae | Diterpenoid lactones: Andrographolide
Flavonoids: Apigenin Polyphenols: Caffeic acid |
Whole plant | 10 to 20 ml of juice taken
two times perday continues upto 3days for Diabetes, Malaria, and Fever. |
[24] |
| 23. | Andrographis serpyllifolia
(Pamu nelavemu) |
Acanthaceae | Diterpenoid: Andrographolide
Flavonoids: Luteolin Alkaloids: Trace alkaloids Phenolics: Ferulic acid |
Root tuber | Spoonful
Juicewith add mixture of jaggery taken orally at early morning upto 3 days to cure stomach ache. |
[25] |
| 24. | Asparagus racemosus wild
(Pilli teegalu) |
liliaceae | Steroidal saponins: Shatavarin I–IV
Alkaloids: Asparagine Flavonoids: Rutin |
Root tuber | A pinch of powder with sugar taken once per day and continue up to 3months to delay aging. | [26] |
| 25. | Bauhinia racemose lam
(Arechettu) |
Caesalpiniaceae | Flavonoids: Kaempferol
Tannins: Gallic acid Glycosides: Phenolic glycosides |
Root | Oral
Administrationof two capsules per day at the time of menstrual cycle to cure menstrual pains. |
[27] |
| 26. | Caralluma attenuate
(Kundeti kommulu) |
Asclepiadaceae | Pregnane glycosides: Carallumin
Flavonoids: Quercetin Saponins: Triterpenoid saponins |
Stem | Consumption of handful to enhance the appetite | [28] |
| 27. | Cassytha filiformis L
(Seethamma savaralu) |
Lauraceae | Alkaloids: Cassythine
Flavonoids: Luteolin Lignans: Sesamin Phenolics: Vanillic acid |
Root | Daily intake of a pinch of powder with glass of hot water /milk act as memory booster and reduce worm infections. | [29] |
| 28. | Datura Stramonium(Ummetta) | Solanaceae | Tropanealkaloids:
Atropine, Scopolamine Flavonoids: Quercetin Tannins: Catechin |
Fruit | External application of paste from fruit to reduce foot palm and rheumatic pains. | [30] |
| 29. | Decalepis hamiltonii
(Maredu kommalu)
|
Asclepiadaceae
|
Phenolics:
Vanillin Aldehydes: 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy benzaldehyde Coumarins: Scopoletin |
Root tuber
|
1-2 spoons of powder taken orally thrice per day up to 7days to improve muscle contraction ,delay ageing and for scorpion stinging /snake bites. | [31] |
| 30. | Maerua oblong folia
(Bhoochakra gadda) |
Capparidaceae
|
Alkaloids:
Indole alkaloids Flavonoids: Quercetin Saponins: Triterpenoid saponins |
Root tuber | Daily intake of 100-150 g of root tuber with jaggery to acts as alternative and energy stimulant | [32] |
| 31. | Habenaria plantaginea Lindl
(Chukka dumpa) |
Orchidaceae | Alkaloids: Habenarine
Mucilage: Polysaccharides Phenolics: Caffeic acid Glycosides: Iridoid glycosides |
Root tuber | A spoon of root tuber powder administered orally twice a day for 3 days for the treatment of fever | [33] |
| 32. | Haldina cordifolia
(Rudraganapa)
|
Rubiaceae
|
Alkaloids:
Indole alkaloids Tannins: Ellagic acid Flavonoids: Quercetin Iridoid glycosides: Loganin |
Stem
|
Oral administration of capsules prepared from stem bark powder with gingelly oil given for 3‑7 days for the treatment of jaundice. | [34] |
| 33. | Acacia chundra Rottler
(Sundra)
|
Mimosaceae | Tannins:
Catechin Flavonoids: Quercetin Polyphenols: Procyanidins |
Stem Bark | Oral administration of stem bark decoction twice a day up to 3 days for the treatment of worm infection | [35] |
| 34. | Allmania nodiflora L
(Errabadhiaku)
|
Amaranthaceae | Flavonoids: Kaempferol
Alkaloids: Trace alkaloids Phenolics: Gallic acid Saponins: Triterpenoid saponins |
Leaf
|
Paste form of plant leaves with a pinch of jaggery given orally for the
treatment of worm infections. |
[36] |
| 35. | Aristolochia indica L
(Nella eswari) |
Aristolochiaceae | Nitrophenanthrene acids:
Aristolochic acid Alkaloids: Aristo lactam Flavonoids: Quercetin |
Root | A spoon of root decoction administered orally twice a day for 3 days for the
treatment of snakebites. |
[37] |
| 36. | Aristolochia bracteata Retz.
(Tella eswari) |
Aristolochiaceae | Aristolochic acids
Glycosides: Phenolic glycosides Phenolics: Caffeic acid |
Leaf
|
External application of leaf paste for 3‑4 weeks for the treatment of leprosy. | [38] |
| 37. | Curculigo orchioides Gaertn.
(Nelathati) |
Hypoxidaceae
|
Saponins: Curculigoside
Flavonoids: Kaempferol Alkaloids: Curculigine |
Root tuber | Powder form of root tuber given orally with a glass of hot water for the treatment of diabetes and piles. | [39] |
| 38. | Dactyloctenium aegyptium
(Nela ragi) |
Poaceae
|
Flavonoids: Apigenin
Alkaloids: Trace alkaloids Phenolics: Ferulic acid
|
Whole plant | Crushed form of whole plant along with a pinch of
turmeric powder is applied externally for the treatment of wounds. |
[40] |
| 39. | Diospyros melanoxylon Roxb
(Beediaku)
|
Sapotaceae | Tannins:
Catechol tannins Flavonoids: Myricetin Triterpenoids: Lupeol |
Stem Bark
|
Poultice of crushed form of stem bark applied externally for the treatment of wounds. | [41] |
| 40. | Flacourtia indica
(Pulleraka) |
Flacourtiaceae
|
Flavonoids: Quercetin
Alkaloids: Flacourtin Phenolic acids: Gallic acid |
Stem Bark | A spoonful of decoction prepared from stem bark administered orally for 3 days for the treatment of digestive problems. | [42] |
| 41. | Toddalia asiatica
(Mirapa gandra) |
Rutaceae | Alkaloids:
Toddaline Coumarins: Scopoletin Essential oils: Limonene
|
Leaf
|
Pour 2‑3
drops of leaf juice through nostrils once a day until cure for asthma Oral administration of leaf decoction twice a day for 2‑3 days for the treatment of fever. |
[43] |
| 42. | Tribulus terrestris
(Palleru)
|
Zygoghyllaceae
|
Steroidal saponins: Protodioscin
Flavonoids: Quercetin Alkaloids: Harmane |
Fruit
|
Oral administration of spoonful of fruit powder once a day for long time for diabetes and anaemia. | [44] |
| 43. | Triumfetta rhomboidea
(Dhekki) |
Tiliaceae
|
Flavonoids: Catechin
Tannins: Gallic acid Phenolics: Caffeic acid |
Flower
|
Inhalation of flower fumes twice a day for 2 days for the treatment of migraine headache. | [45] |
| 44.
|
Tylophora indica
(Meka meyaniaku)
|
Asclepiadaceae
|
Alkaloids: Tylophorine
Flavonoids: Quercetin Glycosides: Phenolic glycosides |
Root
|
Spoon of root decoction given orally twice a day for 3 days for the treatment of cough. | [46] |
| 45. | Ziziphus oenoplia
(Pariki cheetu)
|
Rhamnaceae
|
Alkaloids: Cyclopeptide alkaloids
Flavonoids: Rutin Saponins: Jujubosides
|
Fruit
|
Spoon of fruit paste administered orally once a day for 3 days’Essential oils
Flavonoids Glycosides for the treatment of stomach-ache and acidity. |
[47] |
| 46. | Jasminum angustifolium L.
(Garuda malli) |
oleracea | Essential oils:
Benzyl acetate Flavonoids: Quercetin Glycosides: Jasminin |
Root
|
Poultice of fresh form of root with a pinch of turmeric powder applied externally for the treatment of ring worm infection. | [48] |
| 47. | Martynia annua L
(Talikondikaya)
|
Pedaliaceae
|
Alkaloids:Martynine
Flavonoids: Luteolin Tannins: Catechin |
Leaf
|
Oral licking of leaf paste with mixing of jaggery and gingelly oil for the treatment of throat infection. | [49] |
| 48. | Ocimum gratissimum L.
(Ramathulasi)
|
Lamiaceae | Essential oils:
Eugenol Flavonoids: Apigenin Tannins: Tannic acid |
Leaf/ Whole Plant
|
Whole plant powder given orally with glass of milk for the treatment of cough and fever | [50] |
| 49. | Polygala chinensis
(Nelajanumu) |
Polygalaceae | Saponins: Polygalasaponins
Alkaloids: Indole alkaloids Flavonoids: Quercetin |
Root | Spoonful of root juice given orally for 3 days for the treatment of fever | [51] |
| 50. | Randia dumetorum(Lam, Manga) | Rubiaceae | Saponins: Randioside
Alkaloids: Randianine Tannins: Gallic acid |
Fruit | External application of paste form of fruit for the treatment of dandruff | [52] |
| 51. | Anisomeles indica
(Miriyala dumpa)
|
Lamiaceae
|
Flavonoids:
Luteolin Terpenoids: Anisomelic acid Phenolics: Rosmarinic acid Saponins & Tannins |
Whole plant
|
Spoonful of whole plant decoction given orally twice daily for 3–5 days to reduce fever and cough.
|
[53] |
| 52. | Nicotiana tabacum
(Pogaku chettu)
|
Solanaceae
|
Alkaloids:
Nicotine, Nor nicotine Phenolics: Chlorogenic acid
|
Root | Spoonful of root juice given orally for 3 days for the treatment of fever. Root paste applied externally once daily to reduce joint pain. | [54] |
| 53. | Solanum melongena
(Vankaya)
|
Solanaceae | Alkaloids:
Solanine Anthocyanins: Nasunin Flavonoids: Quercetin Phenolic acids: Caffeic acid |
Roots | Spoonful of root decoction given orally once daily for 3 days for the treatment of Asthma and cough. | [55] |
| 54. | Wattakaka volubilis
(Palateega)
|
Apocynaceae
|
Alkaloids:
Indole alkaloids Flavonoids: Kaempferol Triterpenoids: Lupeol Saponins & Glycosides |
Whole plant | Whole plant paste applied externally to heal wounds and skin diseases.
|
[56] |
| 55. | Acacia nilotica
(Nalla thumma)
|
Fabaceae
|
Tannins:
Gallic acid Flavonoids: Catechin Alkaloids: Trace alkaloids Saponins & Polyphenols |
Leaves | Leaf paste applied externally to cure skin infections and wounds. | [57] |
| 56. | Phaseolus trilobus
(Adavi alasanda) |
Fabaceae
|
Flavonoids: Quercetin
Proteins: Lectins Phenolics: Ferulic acid Saponins & Alkaloids |
Leaf | Leaf juice given orally once daily to relieve stomach pain. Leaf paste applied externally to reduce inflammation and swelling. |
[58] |
| 57. | Bixa orellana
(Rangavalli chettu)
|
Bixaceae | Carotenoids:
Bixin, Norbixin Flavonoids: Luteolin Tannins & Phenolics |
Leaves | Spoonful of leaf decoction given orally for 3–5 days to treat Gonorrhoea.
|
[59] |
| 58. | Xylia xylocarpa
(Yerra irul)
|
Fabaceae
|
Tannins:
Catechin Flavonoids: Quercetin Triterpenoids: Lupeol Phenolic compounds |
Root Bark | Root bark decoction taken orally once daily to cure gonorrhoea and urinary infections.
|
[60] |
| 59. | Memecylon umbellatum
(Anjani chettu)
|
Melastomataceae
|
Tannins:
Ellagic acid Flavonoids: Myricetin Saponins Phenolic compounds |
Root Bark | Spoonful of root bark decoction given orally for 5 days to treat gynaecological disorders. | [61] |
CONCLUSION: Andhra Pradesh medicinal flora is a vast and under-studied source of potent compounds with tremendous therapeutic potential for various diseases including cardiovascular, metabolic, inflammatory and communicable diseases. This review demonstrates the fact that a number of traditionally employed plants are scientifically proven to have pharmacologically active properties. Notably, many of the plants exhibit multi-target activity due to the presence of a range of phytoconstituents such as flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids and phenolic compounds. Finally, the plants included in this review highlight the need for a more rational approach in ethno pharmacology. Research needs to be directed towards clinical validation, identification of the active constituents, and formulation standardization. In conclusion, medicinal plants of Andhra Pradesh have a high potential for new drug development and complementary therapeutic approaches, but scientific evidence and regulatory issues must be well addressed.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: The authors sincerely thank their institution for support and facilities.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST: The authors declared no conflict of Interest.
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How to cite this article:
Pasumarthy SM and Nikitha C: Therapeutic potential of medicinal plants from Andhra Pradesh. Int J Pharmacognosy 2026; 13(5): 406-15. doi link: http://dx.doi.org/10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.IJP.13(5).406-15.
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Article Information
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406-415
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English
IJP
Sree Mahalakshmi Pasumarthy * and Ch. Nikitha
Department of Pharmacology, Narayana Pharmacy College, Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, India.
Pasumarthysreemahalakshmi3@gmail.com
19 April 2026
04 May 2026
11 May 2026
10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.IJP.13(5).406-15
15 May 2026
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