THE STUDY EFFECT OF HYDRO-ALCOHOLIC EXTRACT OF JAPANESE PERSIMMON FRUIT ON FORMALIN-INDUCED INFLAMMATION IN THE RAT
HTML Full TextTHE STUDY EFFECT OF HYDRO-ALCOHOLIC EXTRACT OF JAPANESE PERSIMMON FRUIT ON FORMALIN-INDUCED INFLAMMATION IN THE RAT
Ali Asghar Hemati 1, Ardashir Arzi 1, Masoud Khataminia * 1, Neda Sistani Karampor 1, Mohammad dehghan 1 and Esmaeel Ebrahimi 2, 3
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology 1, Department of Biochemistry 2, Student Research Committee 3, School of Pharmacy, Jundi Shapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
ABSTRACT: Acute and chronic inflammation is the most important issue in the field of health. Also, due to the side effects of synthetic drugs, herbal products are widely used in the control of inflammation. In this study was investigated the effect of a hydro-alcoholic extract of Japanese persimmon fruit on the formalin-induced inflammation in the rat paw. 30 male Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups: negative control, group treatment with 300 mg/kg of aspirin (positive control group) and the group's treated with 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg hydro-alcoholic extract of persimmon, respectively. The inflammation was established to sub-planter injection of 2.5% formalin in rats. Level of inflammation was measured to plethysmometer in six stages in the rat paw. These results were shown that in the rat's treated with different concentrations of extract; inflammation was lower than the positive control group (p≤0.05). Also, the compression of between groups’ treatment with the extract was determined that reduction of inflammation was as dose depend manner (p≤0.05). We conclude that Japanese persimmon may be useful for the management of inflammation but need to perform further studies.
Keywords: |
Japanese Persimmon, Inflammation, Formalin
INTRODUCTION: The inflammation response occurs by lymphocytes, macrophages, and monocytes that resulted in the formation of inflammatory agents, such as TNF-α, IL-1, IL- 6, MCP-1 IL- 8 prostaglandins, leukotrienes, thromboxane, Lipoxin 1-3. It is a process for clearing microorganisms and damaged cells, but it can have side effect 1. Tissue damage ultimately leads to an infection that causes cells locality activation, an increase of vascular permeability, edema and pain 4.
Because adverse complications of the inflammatory drug include gastrointestinal problem, nausea, and liver toxicity, thus always is require to strategies for the preparation of new drugs with lessening side effects 5.
Japanese persimmon (Diospyros kaki) belongs to Ebenacea family that has simple leaves with flowers spherical or slightly stretched and grown in North America 6, 7. It fruit contains large amounts tannin, sucrose, triox nizol, malic acid, carotene and Vitamins A, B, C and has antioxidant property 8, 9. In traditional medicine, persimmon fruit is used to the soothing astringent chest and calm hiccups 9. It has been reported that extract obtained from persimmon fruit is an appetizer and recommended for hypertension 10-12. Also, it dried fruit used to the treatment of leukemia 13. The compounds such as isoquercitrin and hyper in with antioxidant activity property from the peel of persimmon were isolated 14. In previous studies has been showed that the amount of tannin in persimmon fruit is very high and probably this herb has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties 15, 16. Here, we examined the effect of the hydroalcoholic extract obtained from Japanese persimmon fruit on formalin-induced inflammation in the rat.
MATERIAL AND METHOD:
Animal: In this study, 30 male Wistar rats weighing 150-180 gr were prepared from the research center and experimental animal house Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz. The animals were housed in stainless cages with constant temperature 23-25 ºC and photo-cycle 12/12 h light/dark. In during period of study, they were fed to rodent standard food along with access freely to water.
Plant Preparation: Persimmon fruit was prepared of province Khuzestan (west of Iran) and confirmed the Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy Ahvaz. Extraction was performed based on the maceration method. At first, the plant was located in the shade and fully dried in the room temperature and followed by crushed by the grinder. Then, 500 gm of dried fruit was soaked to ethanol 70%-water 30% solution for 72 h. After 72 h, the extract was concentrated by vacuum distillation and for finally dry was placed in a temperature of 30-35 ºC. At the end was obtained the clear and yellowish orange extract.
The desired dose was prepared by desired extract concentration per kg of body weight resolved in 5ml of normal saline, and then the extract was injected as intra-peritoneal into rats.
Experimental Groups: Thirty male Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups (n= 6):
- The group was received 5ml/kg normal saline as negative control.
- The group was received 300 mg/kg aspirin as a positive control.
- The animals were treated with 200 mg/kg of the hydro-alcoholic extract prepared from persimmon.
- The group was treated by 400 mg /kg of the hydro-alcoholic extract prepared from persimmon.
- The rats were treated with 800 mg/kg of the hydro-alcoholic extract prepared from persimmon.
Treatment with normal saline and extract by oral administration and for aspirin by intraperitoneal injection was performed. In all groups was induced inflammation by formalin.
Formalin-induced inflammation procedure: The model of formalin-induced inflammation is widely used to study the inflammatory process and the screening of anti-inflammatory agents 17. 1 week before the study, all animal was adapted to study environment. For inflammation induction, at first, were measured the size of the paw in rats (before injection of formalin) by the plethysmometer (Ugo basile 7140 Italy) and considered as zero time. Subsequently, treatment with normal saline, aspirin, and the extract was performed and after 30 min 0.1 ml of 2.5%, formalin was injected to paw rat as sub planter. Then was measured paw volume changed through plethysmometer at 15, 30, 45, 60, 120, 180, 240 and 300 min after inflammation induction and calculated to the following formula.
Relative Paw Edema = v2 – v1 × 100 / v1
V1 = Paw volume before injection of formalin (zero time).
V2 = Paw volume in 15 to 300 min after injection of formalin.
Statistical Analysis: All results expressed as mean ± SD. Using SPSS software statistical analysis was performed through one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey test. The significant difference was considered to P<0.05.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: In this study, we investigated the effect of a hydro-alcoholic extract of Japanese persimmon fruit on formalin-induced inflammation in rats. In previous studies, it has been demonstrated anti-inflammatory effect persimmon, for example, has been showed that phenolic compounds of dried persimmon fruit were reduced TNF-α level in THP-1 cells and may be beneficial to inflammation Kim et al., 2011 18. In comparison of anti-inflammatory effect among groups treated with extract to negative control group, the results was determined that paw edema volume the rats were received of 400, and 800 mg/kg hydro-alcoholic extract was significantly lower than the group received with 5 mg/kg normal saline (negative control group) at early; second, third, fourth and fifth hours (p≤0.05). In the group treated with 200 mg/kg extract paw edema volume was nearly similar to the negative control group at early, second, third, while there was a significant decrease at fourth and fifth hours (p≤0.05) Fig. 1. In a study was found that persimmon leaf extract or its major flavonoid (astragalin) has inhibitory activity against the histamine releasing in mice 19. As depicts Fig. 2, the effect of anti-inflammatory in the groups received with 400 and 800 mg/kg was nearly similar to the group treated with 300 mg/kg aspirin (positive control group) in the all-time experiment. Nevertheless, in the group with oral administration of 200 mg/kg hydro-alcoholic extract of persimmon volume of paw edema was significantly higher than the positive control group at second, third, fourth and fifth hours (p≤0.05). Our results were also showed that concomitant to increase of dose, was promoted anti-inflammatory effect and there was most anti-inflammatory effect in the group treated with 800 mg/kg in compression with negative and positive control groups (p≤0.05).
Perhaps the anti-inflammatory effect is due to the antioxidant property of persimmon because in previous studies it has been confirmed 15. Probably the high antioxidant activity of persimmon fruit appears due to its high tannin. Because Ahn et al., 2002 has been found that persimmon has radical scavenging activity and its total tannin concentration was dramatically high. Also, it was showed that persimmon has a protective effect against oxidative stress in the liver of rats and increased catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities 20.
CONCLUSION: In this study, we observed that hydro-alcoholic extract of Japanese persimmon could be beneficial in the treatment of inflammation. We also found that the concentration of 800 mg/kg has the most anti-inflammatory effect. However, for better understand the anti-inflammatory effect this herb is required further studies.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT: We thank our staff in the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy for cooperation in this research.
COMPETING INTERESTS: The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this paper.
REFERENCES:
- Brown GC and Neher JJ: Inflammatory neurodegeneration and mechanisms of the microglial killing of neurons. Molecular Neurobiology 2010; 41(2-3): 242-7.
- Vodovotz Y, Csete M, Bartels J, Chang S and An G: Translational systems biology of inflammation. PLoS Comput Biol 2008; 4(4): e1000014.
- Kumar R, Clermont G, Vodovotz Y and Chow CC: The dynamics of acute inflammation. Journal of Theoretical Biology 2004; 230(2): 145-55.
- Bishop-Bailey D and Bystrom J: Emerging roles of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-β/δ in inflammation. Pharmacology & Therapeutics 2009; 124(2): 141-50.
- Katzung BG, Masters SB and Trevor AJ: Basic & clinical Pharmacology 2004.
- Nagy S: Tropical and subtropical fruits: composition, properties and uses: AVI Publishing Co., Inc. 1980.
- Yýldýz M, Bayazýt S, Cebesoy S and Aras S: Molecular diversity in persimmon (Diospyros kaki) cultivars growing around Hatay province in Turkey. African Journal of Biotechnology 2007; 6(20).
- Ghonemy A, Wagih I and Farag A: The effect of pH changes on the precipitating action of tannic acid on alkaloids. The Journal of the Egyptian Medical Association 1973; 57(9-10): 475-8.
- Cesari I, Hoerle M, Simoes-Pires C, Grisoli P, Queiroz E and Dacarro C: Anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Diospyros bipindensis (Gürke) extracts and its main constituents. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2013; 146(1): 264-70.
- Bown D: The Royal Horticultural Society encyclopedia of herbs & their uses: Dorling Kindersley Limited 1995.
- Garden BB: Oriental Herbs and Vegetables, Brooklyn Botanic Garden 1986: 39(2).
- Yan K: The illustrated Chinese materia medica: crude and prepared: SMC Pub 1992.
- Hibasami H, Achiwa Y, Fujikawa T and Komiya T: Induction of programmed cell death (apoptosis) in human lymphoid leukemia cells by catechin compounds. Anticancer Research 1995; 16(4A): 1943-6.
- Itoh T, Ohguchi K, Nakajima C, Oyama M, Iinuma M and Nozawa Y: Inhibitory effects of flavonoid glycosides isolated from the peel of Japanese persimmon (Diospyros kaki Fuyu) on antigen-stimulated degranulation in rat basophilic leukemia RBL-2H3 cells. Food Chemistry 2011; 126(1): 289-94.
- Jeffers MD: Tannins as anti-inflammatory agents: Miami University 2006.
- George A and Redpath S: Health and medicinal benefits of persimmon fruit: A review. Advances in Horticultural Science 2008; 22(4): 244-9.
- Lin H, Ah Kioon MD, Lalou C, Larghero J, Launay JM and Khatib AM: Protective role of systemic furin in the immune response-induced arthritis. Arthritis & Rheumatism 2012; 64(9): 2878-86.
- Kim EO, Lee H, Cho CH, Kim YJ and Kim DO: Antioxidant capacity and anti-inflammatory effect of the ethyl acetate fraction of dried persimmon (Diospyros kaki) on THP-1 human acute monocytic leukemia cell line. Journal of the Korean Society for Applied Biological Chemistry 2011; 54(4): 606-11.
- Kotani M, Matsumoto M, Fujita A, Higa S, Wang W and Suemura M: Persimmon leaf extract and astragalin inhibit the development of dermatitis and IgE elevation in NC/Nga mice. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2000; 106(1): 159-66.
- Ahn HS, Jeon TI, Lee JY, Hwang SG, Lim Y and Park DK: Antioxidative activity of persimmon and grape seed extract: in-vitro & in-vivo. Nut Res 2002; 22(11): 1265-73.
How to cite this article:
Hemati AA, Arzi A, Khataminia M, Karampor NS, dehghan M and Ebrahimi E: The study effect of hydro-alcoholic extract of Japanese persimmon fruit on formalin-induced inflammation in the rat. Int J Pharmacognosy 2016; 3(1): 26-29. doi: 10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.3(1).26-29.
This Journal licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non-commercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported License.
Article Information
4
26-29
514
1437
English
IJP
A. A. Hemati, A. Arzi, M. Khataminia *, N. S. Karampor, M. dehghan and E. Ebrahimi
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Jundi Shapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
masoodkhataminia@yahoo.com
15 October 2015
26 November 2015
29 November 2015
10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.IJP.3(1).26-29
31 January 2016