THE PHARMACOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF CURCUMIN IN DIABETES, CANCER, AND NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES: A REVIEW
HTML Full TextTHE PHARMACOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF CURCUMIN IN DIABETES, CANCER, AND NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES: A REVIEW
Seyyed Hossein Hassanpour
Department of Nuclear Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
ABSTRACT: Curcumin (1,7-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1,6-heptane-3,5-dione) is a hydrophobic polyphenol derived from the roots of the Curcuma longa and is also known as diferuloylmethane (C12H20O6). It shows various pharmacological effects like anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-carcinogenic, chemo-preventive, anti-diabetic, anti-viral, and anti-bacterial in spite of these curcumin is still far away from the clinical uses due to their low bioavailability and in which is related by the poor absorption, quick metabolism, poor water solubility, and chemical instability as a diet-derived agent curcumin has been used traditionally in many forms for the treatment of inflammation and pain but most of the recent studies uncovered the role of curcumin as an antidiabetic, anti-carcinogenic, anti-infectious, antidepressant and antipsychotic agent. This dietary supplement has ability to block a number of cells signaling pathways at various levels underlies its diverse effect. By modulating cell cycles and interacting directly to molecular targets like glutathione peroxidase, nuclear factor kappa-B cells, cyclooxygenase-2, hepatic superoxide dismutase, reactive oxygen species tumor necrosis factors etc. curcumin can prevent the development of cancer. In this chapter, we demonstrated the therapeutic effects of curcumin in various cancers, neurodegenerative disorders, microbial infections and diabetes interconnected with its molecular pathways during preclinical trails.
Keywords: Curcumin, Anti-diabetic activity, Anti-oxidant activity, Neurodegenerative diseases, Anti-cancer activity
INTRODUCTION: Curcumin (1,7-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1,6-heptane-3,5-dione) is a hydrophobic polyphenol derived from the roots of the Curcuma longa (Mudagal et al., 2018) and is also known as diferuloylmethane (C12H20O6) 17, 23. It shows various pharmacological effects like anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-carcinogenic, chemo-preventive, anti-diabetic, anti-viral, and anti-bacterial 2, 18, 24, 49 in spite of these curcumin is still far away from the clinical uses due to their low bioavailability and in which is related by the poor absorption, quick metabolism, poor water solubility, and chemical instability 18, 25, Maheshwai et al., 2006 5, 6 48, 49.
Curcumin’s oral bioavailability is limited and frequently expected to poor absorption by the small intestine, diminutive and conjugative metabolism in the liver, and elimination by the gall bladder. Metabolism of curcumin happens to owe to phase-I and phase-II biotransformation. The primary site of the metabolism of curcumin is at liver and after that intestine and gut microbiota. In phase-I metabolism double bonds are reduced by the action of reductase to form di, tetra, hexa, and octa hydro curcumin from curcumin 3, 40, 4, 12, 30. Curcumin is a bis α, β -unsaturated diketone, and this manifests keto-enol tautomerism. Curcumin is special in structure with two isomers enol and beta-diketone in addition the enol structure has ionizable nucleons that have a close similarity to enolic and two phenolic groups 51. Curcuma longa and specifically one of its active constituent curcumins possesses many pharmacological activities and in variety of preclinical trials of curcumin-related formulations and derivatives proves its uses in variety of diseases 27, 51, 15. The current chapter provides an overview on the application of curcumin with multiple therapeutic effects in different animal’s models. On the basis of these preclinical trials there is a possibility to introduce curcumin into further clinical studies to prevent many diseases in near future
Curcumin and its Applications on the Treatment of Different Diseases:
Curcumin in Anxiety and Depression: In studies using animal models, curcumin has demonstrated having potent antidepressant effects. It works by preventing the monoamine oxidase-A (MAO-A)and monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B) enzymes from being expressed, which raises the amounts of norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine. The mouse amygdala's increased expression of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is controlled by extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and contributes to curcumin's antidepressant effects. Curiously, in a rodent model of chronic stress, curcumin was shown to support hippocampal neurogenesis and raise the BDNF levels. According to the reports, curcumin has anxiolytic-like effects that may be related to its ability to reduce pro-inflammatory mediator levels, including inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) by activating the nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-KB) signaling pathway. Its anti-inflammatory action in depression is confirmed by the inhibition of proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1 (IL-1) via the NF-KB pathway 8, 7, 21, 29, 54.
Curcumin in Presenile Dementia: Presenile Dementia or Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a long-term neurodegenerative condition marked by selective neuronal death, neurofibrillary tangles made of hyperphosphorylated tau protein, and memory and cognitive decline that worsens over time. Beta-amyloid (Ab) plaques are deposited extracellularly in the hippocampus, which is a molecular pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Curcumin has been shown to decrease the pathology of Alzheimer's disease may be because of its anti-aggregatory properties. Curcumin administration (1 or 4 gm, 6 months trial) substantially increased levels of antioxidant vitamin E in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells without causing any negative side effects in patients with AD due to its diverse benefits, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, metal chelation, and reduction ofβ-amyloid levels 38, 22, 19.
Curcumin in Parkinson`s Disease: One of the most common neurodegenerative illnesses Parkinson's diseases (PD) is characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra compacta (SNpc), the deposition of synuclein and the presence of Lewy bodies 8, 31, 47. Parkinson's disease is a specific form of movement disorder linked to a lack of the brain chemical dopamine. Chronic curcumin administration (50, 100, or 200 mg/kg, p.o., for 3 weeks) substantially improved behavioral alterations in the rodent Parkinson's disease model, including locomotor activity and motor coordination. Similar research found that curcumin supplementation decreases acetylcholinesterase (ACE) activity, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction in brain homogenate 28, 38.
Curcumin Having Antioxidant Activity: Curcumin is considered as an antioxidant because the β-diketone group in its structure enables it to support the majority of its biological functions by suppressing superoxide radicals, hydrogen peroxide, and nitric oxide radicals. Curcumin may also increase the activity of many antioxidant enzymes, such as glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and heme oxygenase-1 (OH-1). These methods reduce lipid peroxidation, which in turn reduces liver damage. Additionally, curcumin can boost the activity of xenobiotic detoxification enzymes in the liver and kidneys, preventing the processes that lead to cancer. According to other research, 200 mg/kg of curcumin increased the superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activities as well as the liver's total antioxidant capacity in rats with thallium acetate induced liver damage 42, 39, 1, 41.
Curcumin in Diabetes: Diabetes is a common hyperglycemic disorder that damages the liver, heart, brain, and kidneys. Type 2 diabetes is thought to develop primarily due to inflammation, transcription factors, a variety of inflammatory cytokines, and Enzymes that are crucial to the development and progression of diabetes.
Activating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma and improving the antioxidant status of pancreatic β-cells are two mechanisms through which curcumin`s treatment has been proven to lower blood glucose levels in diabetics peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR-γ) 37, 11, 55.
Curcumin in Esophageal Cancer`s: Due to its reduction of inflammatory mediators like nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-KB) curcumin is regarded as a promising candidate for the treatment and prevention of esophageal cancer. In addition to inhibiting NF-KB, curcumin also causes enhanced drug accumulation and death in esophageal cancer cells. Moreover, curcumin therapy prevented bile acid-induced cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) activation and sodium dismutase-1 gene expression, suppression in the rat esophageal HET-1A epithelium suggesting chemoprevention during in vivo studies. Curcumin administration to rodents during the pre- and post-cancer phases decreased the probability of esophageal carcinogenesis by 27 and 33%, respectively 37, 20, 9, 44.
Curcumin in Breast Cancer: Many studies have shown that curcumin suppresses the development of certain breast cancer cells. Curcumin's potential anticancer activities were largely reversed in an animal trial where it has been used to treat tumor exosome-mediated natural killer cell (NK-cell) suppression. According to the othe in-vivo studies, curcumin also showed anti-metastatic effects in breast cancer by inhibiting cytochrome P450 cells 50, 36, 46, 5, 6.
Curcumin in Kidney Cancer: Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) another name for kidney cancer, generally appears in the kidneys' tiny tubes. A 50 µM dose of curcumin has been demonstrated to cause deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) breakage which results in apoptosis in Caki-1 cells. In the same cell line, curcumin promotes the upregulation of the death receptor 5 (DR5) at the messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) and protein levels by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS). According to this study, curcumin inhibited the growth of metastases (18% vs. 0%; P 14 0.01) and decreased the incidence of tumors (15% vs. 0%; P 14 0.025) 37, 26, 16.
Curcumin in Liver Cancer: Despite being less prevalent than other types of tumors, hepatic tumors are very interesting. In this area, research is constantly expanding and significant advancements in diagnosis and therapy are being made. One of the most prevalent such malignancies and a major consequence in those with cirrhosis or chronic liver disease brought on by hepatitis B or C virus infection is hepatocellular carcinoma.
Hepatoblastoma is an uncommon childhood cancer with low incidence rates and is challenging to research. Nevertheless, other hepatoblastoma types and subtypes have been discovered. The biliary tract epithelium is impacted by cholangiocarcinoma which can develop in intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts. Both its prevalence and diagnostic methods have grown in recent years. A tumor that originates from vascular endothelial cells is primary hepatic angiosarcoma.
This barely accounts for 1.8% of all hepatic diseases. hence it has not received as much research attention as other hepatic illnesses. In the carbon tetra chloride (CCl4) induced liver injury by intraperitoneal injection, by reacting the impaired activity of vital antioxidant enzyme i.e., hepatic superoxide dismutase (SOD), reducing lipid peroxidation and serum aminotransferase curcumin has been reported to improve acute liver injuries 53, 23, 10, 14, 52, 13.
Anti-microbial: In numerous animal studies, curcumin has shown antibacterial, antiprotozoal, antiviral and antifungal effects. In Swiss mice infected by intraperitoneal injection of P. berghei, oral curcumin led to a 90% reduction in parasitemia with a 29% increase in overall survival rate. Curcumin's impact may be linked to its ability to promote cell death and prevent cell growth 15.
CONCLUSIONS: As curcumin has been a staple of the South Asian diet for millennia it is highly well tolerated, bioactive, and nontoxic although the genotoxic and long-term effects of curcumin administration have not been well studied, it has been suggested that the large doses used in clinical trials still warrant significant concern. Moreover, there are infrequent anecdotal accounts of the negative effects caused by curcumin in humans like urticaria and allergic contact dermatitis in high doses.
The information in this review shows that the curcumin modulates numerous cellular signaling pathways and interacts with a wide range of molecular targets, including transcription factors, growth factors and their receptors, cytokines, enzymes, and genes regulating cell proliferation and apoptosis. The outcomes of these studies are a collection that verifies the efficacy and uses of curcumin in the treatment of various neurodegenerative condition and cancers.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: Nil
CONFLICT OF INTEREST: Nil
REFERENCES:
- Abdel-Daim MM and Abdou RH: Protective effects of diallyl sulfide and curcumin separately against thallium-induced toxicity in rats. Cell Journal (Yakhteh) 2015; 17(2): 379.
- Agrawal N, Jaiswal M and Lanjhiyana SK: A review study on screening of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug using experimental animal models for inflammatory diseases. Current Overview on Pharma Science 2023; 2: 28-34.
- Agrawal N and Jaiswal M: Bioavailability enhancement of curcumin via esterification processes: A review. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry Reports 2022; 100081.
- Anand P, Kunnumakkara AB, Newman RA and Aggarwal BB: Bioavailability of curcumin: problems and promises. Molecular Pharmaceutics 2007; 4(6): 807-18.
- Anand P, Sundaram C, Jhurani S, Kunnumakkara AB and Aggarwal BB: Curcumin and cancer: an “old-age” disease with an “age-old” solution. Cancer Letters 2008; 267(1): 133-64.
- Anand P, Thomas SG, Kunnumakkara AB, Sundaram C, Harikumar KB, Sung B, Tharakan ST, Misra K, Priyadarsini IK, Rajasekharan KN and Aggarwal BB: Biological activities of curcumin and its analogues (Congeners) made by man and Mother Nature. Biochemical Pharmacology 2008; 76(11): 1590-611.
- Andrade C: A critical examination of studies on curcumin for depression. The J of Clinical Psychiatry 2014; 75(10): 29.
- Bhat A, Mahalakshmi AM, Ray B, Tuladhar S, Hediyal TA, Manthiannem E, Padamati J, Chandra R, Chidambaram SB and Sakharkar MK: Benefits of curcumin in brain disorders. BioFactors 2019; 45(5): 666-89.
- Bower MR, Aiyer HS, Li Y and Martin RC: Chemoprotective effects of curcumin in esophageal epithelial cells exposed to bile acids. World Journal of Gastroenterology: WJG 2010; 16(33): 4152.
- Cauchy F, Fuks D and Belghiti J: HCC: current surgical treatment concepts. Langenbeck's Archives of Surgery 2012; 397: 681-95.
- Choudhary S, Sinha S, Zhao Y, Banerjee S, Sathyanarayana P, Shahani S, Sherman V, Tilton RG and Bajaj M: NF-κB-inducing kinase (NIK) mediates skeletal muscle insulin resistance: blockade by adiponectin. Endocrinology 2011; 152(10): 3622-7.
- Dei Cas M and Ghidoni R: Dietary curcumin: correlation between bioavailability and health potential. Nutrients 2019; 11(9): 2147.
- Duan XF and Li Q: Primary hepatic angiosarcoma: a retrospective analysis of 6 cases. Journal of Digestive Diseases 2012; 13(7): 381-5.
- El-Serag HB: Epidemiology of viral hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology 2012; 142(6): 1264-73.
- Fan X, Zhang C, Liu DB, Yan J and Liang HP: The clinical applications of curcumin: current state and the future. Current Pharmaceutical Design 2013; 19(11): 2011-31.
- Frank N, Knauft J, Amelung F, Nair J, Wesch H and Bartsch H: No prevention of liver and kidney tumors in Long–Evans Cinnamon rats by dietary curcumin, but inhibition at other sites and of metastases. Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis 2003; 523: 127-35.
- Gangwar RK, Dhumale VA, Kumari D, Nakate UT, Gosavi SW, Sharma RB, Kale SN and Datar S: Conjugation of curcumin with PVP capped gold nanoparticles for improving bioavailability. Materials Science and Engineering: C 2012; 32(8): 2659-63.
- Gangwar RK, Tomar GB, Dhumale VA, Zinjarde S, Sharma RB and Datar S: Curcumin conjugated silica nanoparticles for improving bioavailability and its anticancer applications. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2013; 61(40): 9632-7.
- Hamaguchi T, Ono K and Yamada M: Curcumin and Alzheimer's disease. CNS neuroscience & therapeutics. 2010; 16(5): 285-97.
- Hartojo W, Silvers AL, Thomas DG, Seder CW, Lin L, Rao H, Wang Z, Greenson JK, Giordano TJ, Orringer MB and Rehemtulla A: Curcumin promotes apoptosis, increases chemosensitivity, and inhibits nuclear factor κB in esophageal adenocarcinoma. Translational Oncology 2010; 3(2): 99-108.
- He X, Zhu Y, Wang M, Jing G, Zhu R and Wang S: Antidepressant effects of curcumin and HU-211 coencapsulated solid lipid nanoparticles against corticosterone-induced cellular and animal models of major depression. International Journal of Nanomedicine 2016; 11: 4975.
- Huang C, Zheng X, Tait A, Dai Y, Yang C, Chen Z, Li T and Wang Z: On using smoothing spline and residual correction to fuse rain gauge observations and remote sensing data. Journal of Hydrology 2014; 508: 410-7.
- Irshad A, Anis M, Ackerman SJ. Current role of ultrasound in chronic liver disease: surveillance, diagnosis and management of hepatic neoplasms. Current Problems in Diagnostic Radiology 2012; 41(2): 43-51.
- Jaiswal M, Agrawal N, Kumar Y and Lanjhiyana SK: An overview on non-steroidal anti inflammatory drugs and prodrug concept. Current Overview on Pharmaceutical Science 2022; 1: 19-26.
- Jaiswal M, Agrawal N, Kumar Y and Lanjhiyana SK: In-vivo Models of Chemically Induced Colitis for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: An Overview. Challenges and Advances in Pharmaceutical Research 2022; 10: 141-9.
- Jung EM, Lim JH, Lee TJ, Park JW, Choi KS and Kwon TK: Curcumin sensitizes tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced apoptosis through reactive oxygen species-mediated upregulation of death receptor 5 (DR5). Carcinogenesis 2005; 26(11): 1905-13.
- Kazazis C, Vallianou NG, Kollas A and Evangelopoulos A: Curcumin and diabetes: Mechanisms of action and its anti-diabetic properties. Current Topics in Nutraceuticals Research 2014; 12(4): 135.
- Khatri DK and Juvekar AR: Neuroprotective effect of curcumin as evinced by abrogation of rotenone-induced motor deficits, oxidative and mitochondrial dysfunctions in mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 2016; 150: 39-47.
- Lee B and Lee H: Systemic administration of curcumin affect anxiety-related behaviors in a rat model of posttraumatic stress disorder via activation of serotonergic systems. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2018; 2018.
- Liu W, Zhai Y, Heng X, Che FY, Chen W, Sun D and Zhai G: Oral bioavailability of curcumin: problems and advancements. J of Drug Targeting 2016; 24(8): 694-702.
- Mani S, Sekar S, Chidambaram SB and Sevanan M: Naringenin protects against 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium-induced neuroinflammation and resulting reactive oxygen species production in sh-sy5y cell line: an: in-vitro: model of parkinson's disease. Pharmacognosy Magazine 2018; 14(57): 458-64.
- Manju S and Sreenivasan K: Conjugation of curcumin onto hyaluronic acid enhances its aqueous solubility and stability. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 2011; 359(1): 318-25.
- Martins CV, Da Silva DL, Neres AT, Magalhaes TF, Watanabe GA, Modolo LV, Sabino AA, De Fátima A and De Resende MA: Curcumin as a promising antifungal of clinical interest. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 2009; 63(2): 337-9.
- Mishra S, Narain U, Mishra R and Misra K: Design, development and synthesis of mixed bioconjugates of piperic acid–glycine, curcumin–glycine/alanine and curcumin–glycine–piperic acid and their antibacterial and antifungal properties. Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry. 2005; 13(5): 1477-86.
- Mudagal MP and Janadri S: Curcumin on to hyaluronic acid conjugate enhance cytotoxicity. Asian J Pharm Pharmacol 2019; 5(2): 281-5.
- Mullaicharam AR and Maheswaran A: Pharmacological effects of curcumin. Int J Nutr Pharmacol Neurol Dis 2012; 2(2): 92.
- Noorafshan A and Ashkani-Esfahani S: A review of therapeutic effects of curcumin. Current Pharmaceutical design 2013; 19(11): 2032-46.
- Patel SS, Acharya A, Ray RS, Agrawal R, Raghuwanshi R and Jain P: Cellular and molecular mechanisms of curcumin in prevention and treatment of disease. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 2020; 60(6): 887-939.
- Poma P, Notarbartolo M, Labbozzetta M, Maurici A, Carina V, Alaimo A, Rizzi M, Simoni D and D'Alessandro N: The antitumor activities of curcumin and of its isoxazole analogue are not affected by multiple gene expression changes in an MDR model of the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line: analysis of the possible molecular basis. International Journal of Molecular Medicine 2007; 20(3): 329-35.
- Prasad S, Tyagi AK and Aggarwal BB: Recent developments in delivery, bioavailability, absorption and metabolism of curcumin: the golden pigment from golden spice. Cancer research and treatment: official journal of Korean Cancer Association 2014; 46(1): 2-18.
- Priyadarsini KI, Maity DK, Naik GH, Kumar MS, Unnikrishnan MK, Satav JG and Mohan H: Role of phenolic OH and methylene hydrogen on the free radical reactions and antioxidant activity of curcumin. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 2003; 35(5): 475-84.
- Pulido-Moran M, Moreno-Fernandez J, Ramirez-Tortosa C and Ramirez-Tortosa M: Curcumin and health. Molecules 2016; 21(3): 264.
- Rajasekhar Reddy A, Dinesh P, S Prabhakar A, Umasankar K, Shireesha B and Bhagavan Raju M: A comprehensive review on SAR of curcumin. Mini reviews in medicinal chemistry 2013; 13(12): 1769-77.
- Rawat N, Alhamdani A, McAdam E, Cronin J, Eltahir Z, Lewis P, Griffiths P, Baxter JN and Jenkins GJ: Curcumin abrogates bile-induced NF-κB activity and DNA damage in-vitro and suppresses NF-κB activity whilst promoting apoptosis in-vivo, suggesting chemopreventative potential in Barrett’s oesophagus. Clinical and Translational Oncology 2012; 14: 302-11.
- Reddy RC, Vatsala PG, Keshamouni VG, Padmanaban G and Rangarajan PN: Curcumin for malaria therapy. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2005; 326(2): 472-4.
- Sandur SK, Pandey MK, Sung B, Ahn KS, Murakami A, Sethi G, Limtrakul P, Badmaev V, and Aggarwal BB: Curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, bisdemethoxycurcumin, tetrahydrocurcumin and turmerones differentially regulate anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative responses through a ROS-independent mechanism. Carcinogenesis 2007; 28(8): 1765-73.
- Sekar S, Mani S, Rajamani B, Manivasagam T, Thenmozhi AJ, Bhat A, Ray B, Essa MM, Guillemin GJ and Chidambaram SB: Telmisartan ameliorates astroglial and dopaminergic functions in a mouse model of chronic parkinsonism. Neurotoxicity Research 2018; 34: 597-612.
- Senft C, Polacin M, Priester M, Seifert V, Kögel D and Weissenberger J: The nontoxic natural compound Curcumin exerts anti-proliferative, anti-migratory, and anti-invasive properties against malignant gliomas. BMC Cancer 2010; 10(1): 1-8.
- Senft C, Polacin M, Priester M, Seifert V, Kögel D and Weissenberger J: The nontoxic natural compound Curcumin exerts anti-proliferative, anti-migratory, and anti-invasive properties against malignant gliomas. BMC Cancer 2010; 10(1): 1-8.
- Shehzad A, Lee J and Lee YS: Curcumin in various cancers. Biofactors 2013; 39(1): 56-68.
- Shehzad A, Rehman G and Lee YS: Curcumin in inflammatory diseases. Biofactors 2013; 39(1): 69-77.
- Spector LG and Birch J: The epidemiology of hepatoblastoma. Pediatric Blood & Cancer 2012; 59(5): 776-9.
- Vera‐Ramirez L, Pérez‐Lopez P, Varela‐Lopez A, Ramirez‐Tortosa M, Battino M and Quiles JL: Curcumin and liver disease. Biofactors 2013; 39(1): 88-100.
- Zhang L, Xu T, Wang S, Yu L, Liu D, Zhan R and Yu SY: Curcumin produces antidepressant effects via activating MAPK/ERK-dependent brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression in the amygdala of mice. Behavioural Brain Research 2012; 235(1): 67-72.
- Zhou H, S Beevers C and Huang S: The targets of curcumin. Current Drug Targets 2011; 12(3): 332-47.
How to cite this article:
Hassanpour SH: The pharmacological effects of Curcumin in diabetes, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases: a review. Int J Pharmacognosy 2024; 11(1): 1-6. doi link: http://dx.doi.org/10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.IJP.11(1).1-6.
This Journal licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non-commercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported License.
Article Information
1
1-6
455 KB
28
English
IJP
Seyyed Hossein Hassanpour
Department of Nuclear Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Dr.hossein1366@yahoo.com
03 November 2023
19 December 2023
27 January 2024
10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.IJP.11(1).1-6
31 January 2024