SCOPE OF BLACK PEPPER PIPER NIGRUM L. EXTRACT IN PEST CONTROL
HTML Full TextSCOPE OF BLACK PEPPER PIPER NIGRUM L. EXTRACT IN PEST CONTROL
Nitu Sinha and Sonali Ray *
Tea Chemistry and Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Tea Science, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohunpur, Bairatisal, West Bengal, India.
ABSTRACT: Black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) is a widely used spice around the world. It has also been explored for its biological properties and bioactive compounds. The significance and efficacy of black pepper and its bioactive compounds in insecticidal, antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal infections are well-acknowledged throughout the world. The secondary metabolites of Piper nigrum L. are responsible for these activities. Piperine is one of the potent components in pest control due to its pungent smell. Eventually, efficient and optimal extraction methodologies are obligatory for the most competent functionalization of black pepper extract. Plausible reports are supporting its impact and application as a natural pesticide to control the pest abundance. The novel, environmentally benevolent natural pesticides are essential for pest control. In this review paper, we tried to summarize all potential, rapid, simple, feasible, and sustainable methods for black pepper extraction, isolation, and mode of action as a pest regulator. Lethal concentration, doses, and application time are the major regulating factors of a natural pesticide. Changes in the growth and developmental stages of target pests consequently fluctuate black pepper extract's application rate and efficiency. It also contains bio-enhancing properties. Synergistic effects of piperine along with other secondary components of black pepper are the way to chemical-free natural pesticides.
Keywords: Black pepper, Piperine, Pest control, Mode of action, Extraction
INTRODUCTION: Black Pepper is the dried, unripe fruit of the perennial plant Piper nigrum L and belongs to the family Piperaceae. It becomes the “king of spices” due to its variety of uses in daily life as well as medicines 2 and bio-pesticides 3, 13. In Indian as well as Asian cuisines, black pepper is used vividly and acts as a taste enhancer and exported internationally 14.
South India, especially the Western ghat coastal region, is the main production area of black pepper: Kerala, Karnataka, Konkan, Tamil Nadu, Pondicherry & Andaman Nicobar islands are significant producers 15. Now it is grown throughout the Asia-pacific region of tropical countries. West Indies and Sri Lanka also produce a good amount of black pepper 16.
Piper nigrum is a familiar species of genus piper because of its high economic, commercial, and medicinal values and is highly exported among the other spices from India 17. From the age of Ayurveda to the era of modern science, black pepper is indispensable. It is a flowering vine, and its dried unripe berries are commercially used as peppercorn 18. In recent years the value of black pepper has been increasing due to its pungency, flavor, and health benefits. This typical pungency is endorsed to the existence of a naturally occurring alkaloid, known as piperine 19 as well as volatile essential oils. Piperine is the major secondary metabolite of black pepper that has insecticidal activity, needs to be extracted and isolated for the bio-pesticide preparation 20. Essential oils procured from black pepper have insecticidal, antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal properties 21, 23.
Secondary metabolites from plants are meant to defend it. Knowledge of the phytochemicals will be valuable for researchers to produce novel compound substances. The use of chemical and synthetic pesticides as pest management systems imposes potential adverse effects on the environment and human health. It also increases the production costs of agriculture. Plant-derived bio-pesticides nowadays emerged as a viable and sustainable solution 24. In this study, we tried to summarize different extraction procedures of piperine extraction from black pepper and its mode of action on the pest population. Well-organized, rapid, cost-efficient and simple technique development and its various pest repellent activities are the foremost endeavors of this review study.
Chemical Constituents of Black Paper: Various components of black pepper are responsible for its flavor, aroma, color and pungency. These components are easily identifiable from gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) analysis 18.
Different varieties of black pepper have different components. Among the chemical constituents of black pepper, piperine is one of the most potent and abundant alkaloids. Piperine act as a biomarker can increase the bioavailability of drugs 16 and most importantly it has insecticidal properties 25.
Systematic position of Piper nigrum 1:
Kingdom | : | Plantae |
Class | : | Equisetopsida |
Subclass | : | Magnoliidae |
Superorder | : | Magnolianae |
Order | : | Piperales |
Family | : | Piperaceae |
Genus | : | Piper |
Species | : | nigrum |
TABLE 1: DIFFERENT VARIETIES OF BLACK PEPPER AND THEIR RESPECTIVE CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS
Name of different varieties of black pepper | Main elements | Method | Refernce |
Thevan mundi | β pinene (3.7 to 8.7%), sabinene (4.5 to 16.2%), liinonene (8.3 to 18.0%), β caryophyllene (20.3 to 34.7%). | GC and GC-MS | 26 |
Poonjwan munda | β ocimene (<0.1 to 12.0 %), β pinene (6.0 to 11.7%) liinonene (14.9 to 15.8%), β caryopliyllene (24.4 to 30.8%), elemol (1.2 to 6.8%). | GC and GC-MS | 26 |
Valiakaniakadan | δ 3 carene (0 to 10.5%), α pinene (2.9 to 6.3%), liinonene (12.9 to 18.6%), sabinene (12.9 to 17.1%), β caryophyllene (23.0 to 38.4%). | GC and GC-MS | 26 |
Subhakara | α pinene (3.2 to 7.0%), β pinene (7.6 to 9.6%), δ 3 carene (19.0 to 23.4%), limonene (18.3 to 22.7%), β caryophyllene (7.6 to 21.3%) caryophyllene oxide (0.4 to 6%) | GC and GC-MS | 26 |
Karimunda, Kalluvally Arakulam munda and Thommankody | δ 3 carene (O.1 to 21.0%), β pinene (2.0 to 15.270 %), α pinene (2.4 to 11.4%), limonene (9.4 to 21.9) β caryophyllene (19.8 to 45.3%). | GC and GC-MS | 27 |
Kottanadan | β pinene (7.5 to 15.4%), β caryophyllene (8.9 to 24.1%), sabinene (11.2 to 22.6%), limonene (12.7 to 23.8%). | GC and GC-MS | 28 |
Ottaplackal | sabinene (0.1 to 26.8%) β pinene (3.8 to 11.7%), myrcene (0 to 18.6%), limonene (15.5 to 21.7%), β caryophyllene (15.5 to 21.7%) | GC and GC-MS | 28 |
Kuthiravally | β pinene (3.8 to 10.9%), limonene (9.0 to 16.9%), β caryophyllene (29.0 to 46.0%). | GC and GC-MS | 28 |
Cheriakaniakadan | β pinene (7.7 to 11.2%), sabinene (9.7 to 22.3%), limonene (14.7 to 17.8%), β caryophyllene (17.4 to 23.1%). | GC and GC-MS | 28 |
Panniyur-1, Panniyur-2, Panniyur-3 and culture 239 | β cymene (0.0 to 0.18%), myrcene (2.20 to 2.30%), α pinene (5.07 to 6.18%), sabinene (8.50 to 17.16%), β pinene (9.16 to 11.08%), limonene (21.06 to 22.71%), β caryophyllene (21.59 to 27.70%), oxygenated constituents (3.39 to 5.68%). Culture - 239 derived oil contained β caryophyllene (21.19%), α pinene (5.32%), sabinene (1.94%), β pinene (6.40%), myrcene (8.40%), β cymene (9.70%), limonene (16.74%) and oxygenated constituents (4.41%). | GC-MS | 29 |
Vellanamban | β pinene (3.9 to 10.9%), sabinene (3.9 to 18.8%), limonene (8.3 to 19.8%), β caryophyllene (28.4 to 32.9%). | GC and GC-MS | 30 |
Sreekara | β pinene (0 to 11.2%), limonene (20.1 to 22.1%), β caryophyllene (16.8 to 23.1 %). | GC and GC-MS | 30 |
Kutching | α pinene (2.3 to 5.4%), sabinene (6.7 to 13.3%), limonene (14.5 to 17.5%), β caryophyllene (20.8 to 39.1%). | GC and GC- MS | 30 |
Different Extraction Methods of Black Pepper (Specially Piperine): Piperine, the natural bio-enhancer, a bio-active component of black pepper, has various pharmacological properties. It is extremely effective against pests. Therefore, in our study, we are trying to summarize various extraction methods of piperine from black pepper (listed in Table 2. Traditional extraction procedures comprise maceration, Soxhlet extraction, and soaking. These methods require a large amount of solvent, time-consuming, high temperature, tedious and low extraction yield. However, modern extraction technologies have the potential to overcome all these drawbacks. After extraction, identification of piperine is a crucial step (listed in Table 3.
Sequential Microwave-Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction: Gorgani et. al., 31 reported a piperine extraction procedure using Sequential Microwave-Ultrasound. In this method, black pepper powder of 0.5 g (particle size- 0.15 mm) mixed with a solvent (ethanol) ratio of 20:1 and produced 46.6 mg piperine. During this procedure, the temperature of the ultrasound was 50 °C for 30 min and 100 W microwave powers for 1 min. Purity was 81.4% of the isolated piperine and analyzed by HPLC technique. To obtain a higher yield at optimized conditions, this extraction is a combination of microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE).
Piperine Extraction with Various Solvents: Shingate et. al., 32 and Tripathi 33 reported various solvents as a novel technique for piperine extraction. Shingate et al., used ethanol, glacial acetic acid and dichloromethane as solvents. Several classical methods such as Soxhlet extraction (ethanol), refluxed extraction (dichloromethane), cold maceration (glacial acetic acid) were applied for isolation and purification procedure. Whereas comparing with other solvents, maceration with glacial acetic acid proved the best solvent with high extraction and purity. Tripathi 33, in his study, also used three solvents. Those were ethanol, propionic acid, and dichloromethane. Except for propionic acid, ethanol and dichloromethane were the same as used by Shingate et al. This study also followed a classical method of extraction such as Soxhlet extraction (ethanol), round bottom flask condensation (dichloromethane), cold maceration (propionic acid). The highest yield and purity were obtained from propionic acid extraction. HPLC, FT-IR, TLC, UV-visible spectrophotometer, etc. analytical methods were used for compound identification in both cases.
Parametric Optimization of Microwave Reflux Extraction: Olalere et al., 34 described another method for piperine extraction. This method was a combination of both the traditional and classical methods with high extraction, higher selectivity, and small solvent usage. Microwave reflux extraction with Taguchi L9-orthogonal design was employed for the isolation process.
This method was improved by maceration, Soxhlet extraction, cold percolation, hydro-distillation, hydrotropic solubilization. 5 g of white (particle size - 0.105 mm) was mixed solvent (distilled water) and stirred properly. During microwave reflux extraction, irradiation time was 90 min at 300 W microwave power 4.278 (v/w) % yields were obtained through this process. Functional groups were identified by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared analysis (FTIR).
Extraction of Piperine with Surfactant, Hydrotrope, and Mix of Surfactant + Hydrotrope: Yu et. al., 35 reported surfactants assisted extraction of piperine. It was an orthogonal, single-factor process. Surfactants, as well as an enzyme, also took part in this experiment. 10 g Black pepper powder (less than 10 mesh), neutral protease, cellulose and water were mixed in a round bottom flask for 4 hours at 60 °C. HPLC, UV-spectroscopy were used for the measurement of extracted piperine. Under optimized extraction conditions, 4.42% (HPLC) piperine was obtained. Raman and Gaikar 19 used hydrotrope molecules for improved extraction of piperine. Primarily it enters the cellular structures and then permeabilizes the cell. Obtained piperine was all free from oleoresins, and purity was ∼90%. 10 g of black pepper powder (50 µm particle size) was added with hydrotrope molecule (sodium alkylbenzene sulfonates and sodium butyl monoglycol sulfate) and agitated at 1100 rpm for 2 hours at 30 °C.
The solution was filtered and piperine was obtained after 1 h. Padalkar and Gaikar 36 reported the combined effect of surfactant and hydrotrope in their study for piperine extraction. In this experiment, butyl benzene sulfonate was used as a hydrotrope and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as a surfactant. Results showed that the piperine crystals from surfactant + hydrotrope were much clearer than organic solvents.
Microwave Reflux Method: Olalere et al., 37 described a microwave-based multi-level Taguchi procedure for the extraction of black pepper. Suitable conditions for the best results were - 25 g of black pepper powder (0.105 mm particle size) mixed with optimum quantity of water, microwave power at 350 W, irradiation time 120 min, 12 g/ml molar ratio. 5.64% yield was obtained. SEM and FTIR were used for further characterization.
Enzyme-Assisted Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction of Black Pepper: Dutta and Bhatt acharjee 38 reported enhanced extraction of black pepper through enzyme-assisted supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2). This reaction was conducted with a-amylase. Suitable conditions for the extraction were 20 g of black pepper (particle diameter - 0.42 ± 0.02 mm), CO2 flow rate - 2 L/min, 300 bar, and 600 °C. Enzyme activity increases the yield by 2.13 times.
Effects of Microwave Heating: The study of Olalere et al., 39 depicted that yield of 48.22 mg/g from black pepper could be procured under suitable conditions. In this reaction, water was the solvent within which 25 g of black pepper powder was added. The feed-solvent ratio was 1:12. The time required for extraction was 80 min. The results showed a trade-off between high microwave power and irradiation time.
Accelerated Solvent Extraction (ASE): Ahmad et al., 40 reported a quick, cost-effective, and consistent extraction technique of piperine extraction from black pepper. DCM (Dichloromethane) n-hexane and methanol were used as solvents, respectively. However, DCM proved to be the best-extracting media at 70 °C, 100 atm, and 10 min of extraction time. 93.89% yield was obtained using DCM. This study first reported the use of UHPLC-DAD along with ASE for identification and quantification. The combined effect of ASE-UHPLC-DAD helps easy detection of adulteration of commercial foodstuff.
Double Bypasses Soxhlet Apparatus: Subramanian et al., 41 described a rapid, simple, and economical extraction method which was a modified version of the traditional Soxhlet extraction process. In this experiment, methanol is used as extracting solvent because it has maximum solubilizing capacity. Preferable conditions for the extraction were 8 ± 1.00 min, 12 ± 1 h and 3.90 ± 0.10 g. In this experiment, both the time and amount of solvent were half as compared to the Soxhlet apparatus with the same yield. Hence this method is one of the most appropriate for piperine extraction from black pepper.
Pest Management Using Black Pepper: Black pepper has been a prosperous source of bioactive compounds from ancient times. These bioactive compounds are not only useful as medicine but also as natural pesticides.
Pest management system using plant-derived pesticides helps to reduce the load of chemicals. Different plant parts are used for different types of remedies.
Leaves, stem, root, fruit, secondary components or essential oil, etc. could be used as pest repellent 54. This review paper tried to summarize various pest control measures using black pepper with special importance to piperine.
TABLE 2: VARIOUS EXTRACTION PROCESSES IN TABULAR FORM:
S. no. | Extraction Method | Solvent used | Extraction time | Yield | Pros | Reference |
1 | Sequential Microwave-Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction | Ethanol, methanol, acetone, dichloromethane | 1 min-microwave 30 min-ultrasound temperature | 46.6 mg | Better extraction yield than microwave-assisted, soxhlet, ultrasound-assisted extraction. | 31 |
2 | Reflux microwave extraction | Water | 90 min | 4.278 % | Time-efficient, high yield and selectivity, little amount of solvent | 34 |
3 | Soxhlet, refluxed, cold maceration | Ethanol, propionic acid and dichloromethane. | 2hours, 25 min and unknown. | 3.2%, 5% and 4.6% respectively | Most effective solvent was propionic acid. | 33 |
4 | Soxhlet, refluxed, cold maceration | Ethanol, glacial acetic acid and dichloromethane | 2hours, 20 min and unknown | 3.2%, 5% and 4.6% respectively | Glacial Acetic Acid was the most effective one. | 32 |
5 | Surfactant-assisted enzymatic extraction | Surfactant- sodium stearoyl lactylate | 4hours | 4.54% | Better than soxhlet, ultrasonic-assisted, microwave-assisted and supercritical carbon dioxide extraction. | 35 |
6 | Hydrotropic solubilization | Sodium alkyl benzene sulfonates and sodium butyl monoglycol sulfate | 2hours | ∼90% pure and oleoresin free | Pure and fast extraction. | 19 |
7 | Solubility extraction | Surfactant- (SDS)
hydrotrope-butyl benzene sulfonate |
--------- | ---------- | Obtained piperine was purer and clearer. | 36 |
8 | Microwave reflux pulsed extraction | Water | 90 min | 5.64 w/w | Fast extraction process | 42 |
9 | Enzyme-assisted supercritical carbon dioxide | Solvent free reaction | 2.25hours and 4.25 h | 1.36 ± 0.04e | Fast and continuous mode of extraction | 38 |
10 | Microwave reflux extraction | Water | 80 min | 48.22 mg/g | Extractions with high quality | 39 |
11 | Accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) | Dichloromethane (best)
n- hexane, DCM and methanol |
10 min | 93.89% | Simple, fast, sensitive, sustainable and effective | 40 |
12 | Double bypasses soxhlet extraction | Methanol | 12hours | 3.90% | Modified version of soxhlet extraction with less time and solvent | 41 |
13 | Micellar Extraction | [C12betaine] Cl in water | 3hours | 3.74 wt.-% | Recycling of solvent for 5 times with same extraction efficiency | 43 |
14 | Microwave reflux extraction | Water | 90 min | 2.0586 w/w% | High selectivity and quality due to combined effect of microwave and soxhlet | 44 |
15 | Soxhlet | Ethanol | --------- | 2.9% | Novel, easy and effective extraction of piperine for API drug at large scale. | 45 |
16 | Reflux microwave extractor | Water | 90 min | 2.056 (W/W) | Better than hydrodistillation method. | 46 |
17 | Supercritical fluid extraction (SCF) | SCCO2
co-solvent: ethanol |
60 min | SCO+ethanol-184.7% | Fast and effective extraction with less time and solvent | 47 |
18 | Soxhlet | Ethanol | 3hours | 1%w/w | Fast and simple method and used in quality control | 48 |
19 | Water-bath reflux | Chloroform, ethyl acetate, ethanol (best), methanol and water | 4hours | ethanol-3.78% | Solvents with decreasing order of polarity produces highest yield. | 49 |
20 | Ultrasonic- microwave assisted extraction (UMAE), microwave assisted extraction (MAE) and ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) | Solvent free | 7 min | 4.0 ± 0.1% | UMAE is the best among others and green technique for extraction | 50 |
TABLE 3: SEPARATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF PIPERINE (MAJOR COMPONENT OF BLACK PEPPER)
Extraction Metho | Separation process | Identification | Reference |
Reflux extraction | With cold solution of NaOH | By comparison of spectroscopic (FTIR,MS and NMR) and physical data (MP =128°C) | 51 |
Reflux extraction | TLC | UV light | 9 |
Maceration with methanol | TLC | HPLC, 1H and 13C NMR | 52 |
Maceration | Column chromatography and TLC | HPLC, GC-MS | 53 |
Larvicidal Effects: Sarapothong et. al., 12 reported that both black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) and piperine had larvicidal effects against different strains of Anopheles larvae. Ground black pepper and piperine were fed to the larvae in different quantity and the mortality rates were checked after 24 h and 48 h, respectively. Results show black pepper was more effective than piperine for strains of Anopheles larvae. Another report also demonstrated the larvicidal effect of black pepper against different strains of dengue fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti 55. Ethanolic extraction of black pepper powder with a lethal concentration of 0.405 ppm was recorded for the mortality of the larvae within 24 h. Diamondback moth larvae were also effectively controlled by black pepper application 11. Methanolic extract of black pepper caused 100 % mortality of moth larvae at a 5.0 mg/ml concentration rate.
Insecticidal Effects: Among various plant-based insecticides, the use of black pepper is a well-identified phenomenon. Toxic effects of methanolic extract of Piper nigrum against Anopheles gambiae had been reported. LC50 value was 27 ppm and mortality was registered after 24 h. Insecticidal properties against Spodoptera litura 56, Sitophilus oryzae L. and Corcyra cephalonica (St.) 8, Colorado potato beetle 57, pulse beetle 58 was also reported. Potential natural pesticides procured from black pepper extract also act as egg hatchability regulator, adult emergence regulator antifeedant and growth inhibitor 59. Piperine reduces the hatchability of eggs of Spodoptera frugiperda and Diatraea saccharalis. It also tested for phytotoxicity on different vegetables and showed a positive impact on seed germination 25.
Acaricidal Effects: Park et. al., 7 showed in their study that pipernonaline extracted from Piper longum L. had acaricidal activity against Tetranychus urticae. Although the mode of action of black pepper as acaricide still needs further investigation.
Another report of black pepper isolation demonstrated acaricidal effect against African Red Mite 60. This study showed that the mortality rate of mites were 96% and 92% at LC50 value 0.34 and 0.54%, respectively.
Aphicidal Effects: Black pepper has excellent aphicidal properties. It shows its activity against mustard aphid 61, green peach aphid (Myzus persicae) 62, Brevicoryne brassicae L and Aphis craccivora Koch 63. Ahmed et al. 62 reported that the black pepper extracts applied on the green peach aphids in a contact depended on the manner and it showed 80% efficacy against those aphids. Furthermore, synergistic effects of black pepper with other plant extracts could increase this efficacy up to 98.33%.
TABLE 4: PESTICIDAL EFFECT OF BLACK PEPPER:
S. no. | Mode of action | Major component | Target pest | Dosage | Exposer time | Referene |
1 | Larvicidal | Ground black pepper and piperine | Strains of Anopheles larvae | 50 mg of treatment mixture | 24 h and 48 h, respectively | 12 |
2 | Insecticidal | Limonene, α and β pinene and caryophyllene | Sitophilus oryzae L. and Corcyra cephalonica (St.) | LC50 values- 287.7 µL/L and 530.5 µL/L respectively | 72 h | 8 |
3 | Ant repellent | Black pepper | Tapinoma sessile (odorous house ant) | LC50 – 15
LC99-41 |
3 h | 13 |
4 | Insecticidal | Black pepper | Sitophilus zeamais adults | Fumigant -0.152
Contact -0.126 |
48 h | 4 |
5 | Insecticidal | Black pepper | Sitaphitus orywe (L.) and Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) | Adult S. orywe crud-3.4 µg/insect purified-4.8 µg/insect adult C. maculatus crud- 4.5 µg/insect purified -7.2 µg/insect | 24 h | 9 |
6 | Larvicidal | Piperine | Diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella, | The LC50 value of piperine was >0.5 mg/mL. | 48 h | 11 |
7 | Insecticidal and acaricidal | Pipernonaline and piperoctadecalidine | arthropod pests | Pipernonaline (LD50=125 mg/l) piperoctadecalidine (LD50=95.5 mg/l) | ----------- | 7 |
8 | Larvicidal | Piperolein B and piperchabamide D | Diamondback moth | Piperolein B-2 µg/mL
piperchabamide D-0.95 µg/mL |
96 h | 64 |
9 | Physiological and biochemical | Black pepper leaves | Aedes aegypti | LC50=34.97 | 3 h | 65 |
10 | Acaricidal | Black pepper | African red mite | LC50- 0.54% at 92% mite mortality | 24 h | 60 |
11 | Insecticidal | Piper nigrum | Megalurothrips sjostedti | 0.01%, 0.1%, and 1% concentration | 5 and 10 min | 66 |
12 | Aphicide | Black pepper | Myzus persicae | 5% | 24 h | 62 |
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: This review paper compiled the extraction process of natural products and their effectiveness as bio-pesticides. In the case of extraction processes, different methods, time, temperature, pressure, particle size, solvents, solubility, and solvent to solid ratio are plays a significant role. It has been evident that the traditional extraction process such as Soxhlet extraction takes 24 h, while double bypasses. Soxhlet apparatus takes only 12 h. Microwave extraction techniques are rapid methods with only 7 min of extraction time. This extraction is sometimes assisted with ultrasonic or reflux extraction and makes it more efficient. Another method, enzyme-assisted supercritical carbon dioxide takes merely 2.5 h. Considering solvents with different polarities were tested for the effective extraction of black pepper, such as chloroform, ethyl acetate, ethanol (best), methanol, water, propionic acid (higher yield and in higher purity), dichloromethane, etc. were used. Solvent-free or green extractions are also very popular phenomenon to prevent solvent loss. Particle size also varies according to the extraction method. Sometimes it ranges from 16 mesh size to 160 mesh size or a few µm to mm. Excessive heat in the continuous extraction process is immense trouble for thermolabile components. Pulse extraction with simultaneous heating and cooling process helps to retain a lower temperature. A wide range of factors is also controlling the effectiveness of isolated components derived for pest mitigation. Among them, lethal concentration, dose, time of exposure, target organism, life stage of the insect, and mortality rate are important factors. The time of exposure varies from few hours to 72 h or even 96 h depending on the organism and its growth stage. The same thing happens in the case of mortality. Most of the cases reported 100% mortality, although it may be 90% or 95% in some cases.
Piperine is one of the most potent bioactive components of black pepper, which acts as a natural pesticide. It is highly effective on newly hatched eggs, has antifeedant activity against insect pests, acts as an insecticide. However, the study of phytotoxicity and allelopathic effects of any potent natural pesticides are significant tests for its vivid application. Effects of piperine on vegetable seeds germination were tested, and no adverse effects were reported. Despite the successful utilization of black pepper as a potent natural pesticide, there is still ambiguity in the mode of action of piperine. Applications of bio-pesticides are dose-dependent manner. So, the correct value of lethal dose or concentration is a crucial step. Hence, during natural pesticide formulation and application, all the vital factors should be considered.
CONCLUSION: Among various extraction processes of Piper nigrum L., microwave-assisted extraction has proven its effectiveness. It is rapid, less labor-intensive, requires less usage of solvent, and, most importantly, cost-effective. Comprehensively, the study shows that the extraction rate of bioactive components is increasing with the increasing rate of pressure, temperature and solvent flow rate. Remarkably there is a trade-off between particle size of black pepper and rate of extraction up to a certain extent. The smaller size of particles is responsible for improved outcomes. In continuous extraction processes, excessive temperature may damage the bioactive components. Purity of the bioactive components is largely reliant on the type of extraction solvents. The decreasing polarity of solvents provides better quality of extracted components. Solvent-free extractions are a new method. Natural pesticides from black pepper extract act as larvicidal, acaricidal, insecticidal, aphicidal, and also cause feeding deterrence of pests. Pest repellency and effectiveness of natural insecticides depend on two main parameters, i.e., concentration rate and exposure duration. Occasionally, the addition of surfactants to black pepper extraction processes surges its efficacy. The rate of proficiency and effectiveness of natural pesticides fluctuates as the life cycle stages of the target organism change. To discover the broad-spectrum effectiveness of plant-derived pesticides, further studies on each component's structure, intensity, and mode of action at different life cycle stages of the pest population will be necessary.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT: This study was supported by a research fellowship to the first author by the Swami Vivekananda Merit-cum-Mean Scholarship and the University of North Bengal.
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
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How to cite this article:
Sinha and Ray: Scope of black pepper Piper nigrum L. extract in pest control. Int J Pharmacognosy 2021; 8(9): 351-60. doi link: http://dx.doi.org/10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.IJP.8(9).351-60.
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Article Information
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English
IJP
Nitu Sinha and Sonali Ray *
Tea Chemistry and Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Tea Science, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohunpur, Bairatisal, West Bengal, India.
sonaliray@nbu.ac.in
07 July 2021
17 September 2021
19 September 2021
10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.IJP.8(9).351-60
30 September 2021