SCIENTIFIC, PHYTOCHEMICAL, AND PHARMACOLOGICAL STUDY OF PLANT GLYCYRRHIZA GLABRA LINN.
HTML Full TextSCIENTIFIC, PHYTOCHEMICAL, AND PHARMACOLOGICAL STUDY OF PLANT GLYCYRRHIZA GLABRA LINN.
Pawan Upadhyay
Maharishi University of Information Technology, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
ABSTRACT: There is a bigger need for herbal cures and solutions in today's world of increasing ailments. Different work habits lead to different diseases. Although very simple, the allopathic curative method involves several negative side effects. Therefore, this is the area of interest that compelled us to use allopathic or synthetic pharmaceuticals that are derived from plants. Fabaceae is a family of plants that includes the species Glycyrrhiza glabra. Glycyrrhiza is a well-known herb used in Western herbal therapy that has been grown in Europe, Asia, and the Middle East for over 4,000 years. We concentrate on the body of knowledge about plants with medicinal value. This article summarizes the many applications, chemical makeup, pharmacological effects, and phytochemistry of G. glabra. The scientific names and categories of phytochemicals serve as examples of native G. glabra compounds. Glycyrrhizin, a triterpenoid saponin that is more than 50 times sweeter than sucrose, is the major chemical in the root that is active. The digestive medicine Glycyrrhiza glabra flavonoids extract has a variety of pharmacological effects on living things and aids in gastrointestinal system lubrication. Licorice has a variety of benefits, including the ability to lighten skin, enhance memory, control diabetes, boost immune function, and have hepatoprotective and antiviral qualities. This article summarizes recent studies on the plant, including its bioactive components and traditional use, in order to thoroughly investigate its health benefits.
Keywords: Hepatoprotective, 18-β-Glycyrrhetinic acid, Gut-Gard, Immune system stimulation (ISS), Yasti-madhu, Work habits
INTRODUCTION: Glycyrrhiza glabra, a medicinal plant, is fused in traditional medicine worldwide for its ethnomedicinal value in treating various diseases 1. Root, a common liquid genius species, contains glycyrrhizine and Glycyrrhizinic acid as its chemical constituents 2. Extracts are used to treat various diseases such as eye, throat, peptic ulcer, liver, immunodeficiency, cough, tuberculosis, respiratory, endocrine, kidney, psoriasis, eczema, haemorrhoids, epilepsy, and heart diseases 3.
Glycyrrhiza glabra, a sweet wood plant native to the Mediterranean and Asia, was used in ancient civilizations as carminatives, and expectorants. The English word ‘Glycyrrhiza’ is derived from the ‘Greek’ words ‘glykos’ meaning ‘sweet’ & ‘rhiza’ meaning ‘root`. Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn. is a member of the ‘Fabaceae’ family and has various vernacular names in different languages 4,5, 6.
Liquorice is commonly used for post-childbirth lactation. Liquorice is used to treat oral cavity issues and hoarseness and is recommended for mental development as a memory booster. Glycyrrhiza, a genus of 20 species, is distributed globallya species native to North Africa, is the primary source of confectionery liquorice, grown in India, Spain, Iran, Russia, and China 6. This compound is used as a laxative, galactagogue, anti-asthmatic, antacid, and antiviral agent in various therapeutic oils, including those used for conditions like rheumatism, paralysis, and epilepsy. Liquorice, a key component in the "Liquorice compound powder," accelerates the action of senna and is used in treating peptic ulcers 7–9. Glycyrrhiza glabra L, an indigenous perennial in Asia and Europe, contains a triterpenoid saponincalled Glycyrrhizin, which is 50-200 times sweeter than sucrose, with the monoglucuronide being sweeter 10–12. Glycyrrhiza species like G. uralensis also produce glycorrhizin 13, 14.
FIG. 1: DIFFERENT FORMS OF G. GLABRA ROOTS & POWDER FORMATION
TABLE 1: SCIENTIFIC CLASSIFICATION OF GLYCYRRHIZA GLABRA LINN
Kingdom | Plantae |
Division | Angiospermae |
Class | Dicotyledoneae |
Subclass | Magnoliidae |
Order | Rosales |
Superorder | Rosanae |
Family | Leguminosae |
Genus | Glycyrrhiza |
Species | Glabra linn |
Collection and Processing of Glycyrrhiza glabra: Liquorice root was dried and powdered, then dissolved in sterile water, incubated, and filtered. The mixture was then stored at 4°C until needed and then filtered 15–17.
FIG. 2: FLOW CHART FORMATION OF LIQUORICE POWDER FROM ROOTS
TABLE 2: LIQUORICE & THEIR VERNACULAR NAMES 18
S. no. | Language | Common names |
1 | Hindi/ Gujarati | Jethi-madh, Jothi-madh, and mulaithi, Jashtimadh, Yashti-madhu |
2 | English | Licorice, liquorice, sweet wood |
3 | Tibetan | Sin mnar |
4 | Urdu | Asl-us-soos, asal-ul-sus muqqashar, asal-us-sus nim kofta |
5 | Persian | Beikh-e-mahak, bikhe-mahak, bikhemahak, mahak, and mazhn |
6 | Malayalam | Malayalam, Iratimadhuram |
7 | Telugu/ Tamil/ Kannada | Atimadhuranu, Yashtimadhukam/ Vatalam/Yastimadhuka |
8 | Arab | Aslussiesa |
9 | France | Boisdoux |
10 | Germany | Sussholz |
Phytochemical Reviews: Glycyrrhiza glabra roots are utilized to extract various substances, including a water-soluble, physiologically active complex that constitutes 40-50% of the dry material weight. This complex comprises various substances including triterpenes, saponin, flavonoids, polysaccharides, pectins, amino acids, mineral salts, asparagines, bitters, essential oils, fat, estrogen-producing hormone, gums, mucilage, protein, resins, starches, sterols, volatile oils, tannins, glycosides 19–21. Sinmar distinctive yellow color is attributed to the presence of flavonoid-containing chemicals like liquiritin and isoliquiritin 22. The antioxidant properties of isoflavones, including glabridin, hispaglabridins A & B, glabrene & glabridin both possessing estrogen activity 23.
TABLE 3: CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS & THEIR STRUCTURES
Compound / Chemical formula/ Chemical Structure | |
Procedure for Extraction of Isoliquirti-genin Flavonoid: Dried, roots powdered, then extracted using ethanol-water (1:1) mixture at room environment. Filtration, resulting in hydroalcoholic extract, after being combined and evaporated. The extract underwent acid hydrolysis in a 5% HCl solution, resulting in a reaction mixture that was extracted with ethyl acetate 24. The ethyl acetate extract was fractionated on silica gel using a mixture of ethyl acetate and chloroform solvent system as an eluent 25, 26.
FIG. 3: FLOW CHART OF EXTRACTION PROCESS
TABLE 4: VARIOUS PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS UTILIZED IN GLYCYRRHIZA GLABRA LIN 27
S. no. | Name | Manufacturer | Composition | Therapeutic Uses | Ref. |
1 | Gut gard | Natural Remedies | Glycyrrhiza glabra extract
[>10% flavonoids content] |
Promotes GIT, soothes heart burn, antioxidant support |
(28) |
2 | Liquorice root 500mg | Pure Science supplements | 10% Glycyrrhiza glabra extract of root, deglycyrrhizinated Liquorice | Supports digestive,and respiratory function, expectorant & demulcent |
(29) |
3 | Health aid Liquorice [GG 50ml] | Health aid | Each 1ml Liquorice liquid: Liquorice extract 1:3 [equivalent of 330mg of Liquorice herb] | Dry cough, promotes clear & comfortable breathing |
(30) |
4 | Solaray Liquorice 450mg-100 capsules | Nutraceutical | Liquorice [Glycyrrihza glabra (root), Gelatin & mag. stearate | Health supplement |
(31) |
5 | Nature sunshine Liquorice roots | Nature sunshine | Liquorice root 792mg | Supports glandular system, specifically adrenal glands & liver |
(32) |
6 | Chewable DGL Liquorice tablets | Nature Garden | Deglycyrrhizinated Liquorice 380 mg [Glycyrrhiza glabra] (root), L-Glycine 50mg | Health supplement |
(33) |
7 | Banyan botanicals liquorice root powder | Banyan Botanicals | Glycyrrhiza glabra extract | demulcent, dry cough, relives breathing, balanced adrenals, proper kidney works |
(34) |
8 | Nature republic cotton armpit cream | Nature republic | Glycyrrhiza glabra root extract component | Claims to whiten, brighten, deodorize underarm, give powdery fragrance |
(35) |
9 | Himalaya clear complexion whitening face wash | Himalaya | Pomegranate, saffron, liquorice, dhupa fat | Removes dark spots, cleanses & clarifies impurities |
(36) |
10 | Liquorice extract- with retinol | Seattle | Retinol, liquorice | Anti-aging cream & removes wrinkles |
(37) |
Pharmacological Reviews of Liquorice:
Antitussive/Expectorant Activity: Liquorice powder extracts effect on treat of sore throat, cough, and bronchial catarrh by acting as an expellant, accelerating tracheal mucus secretion 38. Liquiritinapioside, an active compound in mulaithi methanolic extract effectively inhibit capsaicin-induced cough 39. Noscough® syrup, containing noscapine and licorice, is an opioid antitussive that reduces bradykinin-induced cough in humans that can be linked to COVID-19 symptoms 40, 41. Bradykinin & cytokine storms may contribute to worse COVID-19 outcomes, suggesting that mediating these pathways may improve relieving symptoms. Noscapine is a safe candidate with potential benefits in modulating both pathways 30, 42. liquoriceunlike diphenhydramine, has no sedative effects, no anticholinergic effects, making it beneficial for the elderly, and has antiviral effects against various viruses, including SARS. Phaseol in, liquorice may reduce COVID-19 inflammatory response by inhibiting CXCL8 and IL2RA activation. In-silico analysis reveals noscapine and hydroxychloroquine conjugates have binding affinity for SARS-CoV2 protease, crucial in COVID-19 pathogenesis. , liquorice with its ingredients like Glycerol and Glyasperin Fhas been shown to potentially reduce COVID-19 symptoms and potentially block SARSCoV-2 replication in-vitro 43.
Immunomodulatory Activity is a Crucial Aspect of Immune Function: Swine flu, a low-mortality species-specific respiratory disease has spread widely among humans due to the Influenza-A H1N1 virus, which has the ability to cross species barriers and stimulate macrophages 44. N-acetylmuramoyl peptide, a glycyrrhizin analogue with potential in-vitro immunostimulant properties 45. Animal studies show glycyrrhizic acid efficacy against influenza-virus inhibits replication, a potential immunomodulator 46. Glycyrrhizin consumption is safe for children aged 5-11 with a daily intake of 2mg/kg/day for children aged 10 years old 47. Overconsumption of glycyrrhizin in 8-year-old children may cause adverse effects on mineral corticoid activity including hypertension, hypokalemia, hypertensive encephalopathy, rhabdomyolysis & cardiac arrest, using liquorice in foods for its health benefits 48. Clinical trials show glycyrrhizin's inhibitory effect against chronic hepatitis C, HIV-1, herpes-virus, epstein-barr virus, and influenza virus. It is potent in inhibiting SARS-CoV replication in Vero cells, limiting virus adsorption, penetration 49, 37. Sweet wood active compound N-acetylmuramoyl has potent immunomodulatory activity, immobilizing viruses, and stimulating macrophages, with potential for in vitro immune stimulation 50. Sweet wood & ginger extracts in fish feed effectively stimulate growth, prevents heavy metal contamination in Nile tilapia ponds, either alone or in combination. G. glabra root extract's immunomodulatory activity, linked to glycyrrhizin phenolic compound, increased lymphocyte and macrophage production from human granulocytes in-vitro 51, 52.
Eye Inflammatory Activity: A study on 60 cases of herpetic keratitis, keratoconjunctivitis, and fascicular keratitis found that eye drops with 5% sodium glycyrrhizinate, glycyrrhetinic acid, or herb extract effectively treated nodules and inflammation 53. Bacterial keratitis is treated with antibiotics but local administration is preferred due to blood-ocular barrier restrictions. High solubility of DG-Hes enhances antioxidant properties by preventing keratitis progression 54. DG-Hes ophthalmic solution demonstrated strong antibacterial activities in-vitro/vivo, i.e., similar to levofloxacin eye drops. In-vivo tests showed clinical scores, corneal test & histopathological observation. The physical mixture of DG-Hes showed stronger antibacterial activities. DG-Hes exhibited stronger antibacterial activities compared to physical mixtures indicating micelle formation gives positive effect. It also demonstrated good in-vivo eye tolerance in rabbits. The DG-Hes ophthalmic solution significantly improved DG-He bioavailability and antibacterial activities, suggesting the potential for a new ophthalmic solution formulation for other ophthalmologic drugs 55, 56.
Hepatoprotective Activity: The aqueous extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra roots was found to prevent and treat liver disorders in rabbit models with a dose of 2gm/kg/day orally for 7 days 57. This study compares the efficacy of Gly and Mat alone and their combination in China for liver function protection and tumor treatment. It aims to determine if concomitant use reduces side effects like Na-H2Oretention, and hypokalaemia, and enhances hepatoprotective & anti-hepatocarcinogenic effects 58. The study investigated Gly+Mat hepatoprotective effects using an acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity animal model highlighting the potential risks of over dosage of PCM, i.e., a common analgesic &antipyretic drug 59. Jatimadhu's beneficial effects stem from its glycyrrhizin & glycyrrhizic acid proved to inhibit the growth and cytopathology of various RNA/DNA viruses 60. The study found that combining Gly+Mat can reduce acetaminophen overdose mortality in mice attenuate hepatotoxicity, reduce GT positive foci, protecting liver function and preventing HCC while also reducing sodium Na-H2O retention 34.
Antiulcerogenic Activity: GutGardTM showed dose-dependent anti-ulcer activity in a pylorus ligation ulcer model, decreasing gastric content, total acidity, & ulcer index. Its antioxidant properties may contribute to its antiulcerogenic properties and its effects on gastric ulcers in rats were studied. A licorice extract was demonstrated potent antioxidant activity and antiulcerogenic properties supporting its ethnomedical use in treating gastric ulcers through cytoprotective mechanisms 61, 62. H. pylori causes gastroduodenal diseases including ulcers and stomach cancers. Glycyrrhizin reduces hepatocellular carcinoma risk, i.e., beneficial for chronic hepatitis C treatment possibly due to its bactericidal effect 63. Recent studies in Japan attribute Anti-H. pylori activity to glycyrrhizin a constituent of liquorice used for peptic ulcers. Overconsumption can cause pseudo-aldosteronism and a maximum dosage of 100 mg glycyrrhizin a day is considered safe and its metabolites 64, 65.
Antiobesity/ hypolipidemic/ Antidyslipidaemic Activity: A study on dyslipidaemic hamsters found that ethanolic extract and its fractions significantly reduced LDL and VLDL levels with the ethanolic extract by showing significant antidyslipidaemic activity 66. Obesity a result of imbalance between energy intake and expenditureis linked to lifestyle-related diseases like hyperlipidemia, hypertension, arteriosclerosis, Type-2 diabetes and cancer 67. Obesity is increasing due to excess energy in adipose tissue leading to fatty liver disease. Strategies for prevention and treatment include diet therapy, exercise, weight loss drugs, appetite suppressants, and food supplements, in addition to diet therapy and exercise. Recent studies are exploring functional food ingredients or herbal extracts, the root of Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn suppresses weight gain and body fat accumulation caused by high-fat diets 68. Licorice species including Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fischer, G. glabra Linne, and G. inflate Batalin, contain flavonoids with anti-obesity effects, and strong anti-adipogenic activity. Supercritical fluid extraction effectively prepared glabridin-rich licorice extract by protecting against high-fat diet-induced weight gain and adiposity and ameliorating hepatic steatosis through gene regulation in hepatic metabolism 69.
The Activity of Reducing Blood Sugar Levels or Preventing Giabetes: Sweetwood extract effect on lipid profile and liver enzymes in albino mice was found to be anti-lipidemic and anti-hyperglycemic, addressing Type 2 diabetes. PPARs classified as PPAR-α, PPAR-γ, and PPAR-δ, regulate gene expression in glucose and lipid metabolism found in liver, muscle, and kidney 70, 71. Diabetes with long-term health complications is a significant issue with Type 2 diabetes being the most prevalent and expected to increase by 5.4% in 2025 72. Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder with high glucose levels due to insulin non-secretion leading to the discovery of metformin (hypoglycemic drug) 73. Isoliquiritigenin and liquiritigenin, flavonoids found in licorice root have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor properties 74. LTG, an estrogenic compound acts as an agonist for the subtype of oestrogen receptor 75. The study focused on obtaining antidiabetic compounds from structural modifications at C-4, C-2 and 4 positions on ISL and C-7, C-4 positions on LTGreporting its antidiabetic activity 76, 77.
ISL and LTG have been previously reported as anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, antimycobacterial, & antitumor agents 77, 78. Bioactive compounds either alone or in combination have shown enhanced antidiabetic activities with rutin and silymarin therapy reducing glucose levels and increasing antioxidant activity in diabetic rats. Another discovery discovered that piperine and quercetin significantly enhance curcumin's antidiabetic potential suggesting that combining these compounds could be more effective 79. Future research in diabetic disease management should explore the combination of bioactive compounds with foods or synergistic efficacy comparing results to metformin and evaluating antihyperglycemic activity in diabetic rats 78. The combined formulation of pure and NF showed more antidiabetic effect on diabetic rats, as insulin deficiency leads to decreased protein production resulting in decreased body weight 79, 80.
The Text Discusses the Activity of Skin Lightening, Whitening, and Tightening: Liquiritin in liquorice extract induces skin lightening is safe and effective. Glabridin inhibits tyrosinase activity in B16 murine melanoma cells without affecting DNA synthesis. Glabrene, Licochalcone A and Isoliquiritin are known to inhibit tyrosinase activity 81. Glycyrrhiza glabra's ethanolic extract enhances skin viscoelastic and hydration properties, possibly due to its UV protective, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties 82. Liquorice extract due to its effective tyrosinase inhibition activity can be utilized in the creation of depigmenting cosmetic formulations 35, 83. Licorice extracts contain active compounds that can stimulate or suppress melanogenesis. Glabridin, a key ingredient that inhibits tyrosinase activity in murine melanoma cells, while other compounds like glabrene and isoliquiritin also inhibit tyrosinase activity 35, 84. Liquiritin, a depigmenting agentis effective in treating melasma, while licorice extracts are safe and have few side effects by making them the most commonly used pigment-lightening agent in cosmetics 35. Licorice extract rich in flavonoids can be used in facial foundations and moisturizers for topical anti-inflammatory properties potentially reducing skin redness and hyperpigmentation 85. Liquiritin promotes skin lightening by dispersing melanin but its clinical results are modest due to its modest concentration in most cosmetics 86.
It has been found to have Anticancer and Antimutagenic Properties: Jothi-madh root extract has antimutagenic properties by inhibiting micronuclei development in bone marrow cells, and causing mitochondrial permeability transition leading to tumor cell apoptosis in human cervix and uterus 87. The in-vivo inhibition of Ehrlich ascites tumour cell growth by the methanolic extracts of G. glabra with the corresponding reduction in cell number, body weight and ascites volume 88. Glycyrrhizin and glycyrrhetinic acids are effective in treating gastric cancer, while glycyrrhizin suppresses thromboxane A2 in lung cancer cells with low toxicity 89.
Jothi-madhhydromethanolic extract demonstrated antimutagenic properties in albino mice inhibiting micronuclei formation and chromosomal aberration in bone marrow cells and thromboxane A2 in lung cancer cells 90. Glycyrrhetinic acid and its derivatives 3-oxy-18α-glycyrrhetinic acid inhibited transplanted myeloma and had antileukemic activity in mice. They also inhibited morphological changes in liver and Ehrlich as cites carcinoma, inhibited Jitian sarcomas and prevented liver carcinoma development. Jothi-madh components were found to increase PGR and GREB1 expression in MCF7 breast cancer cells, with intrinsic activity comparable to E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes. Jothi-madh, a natural product with flavonoids and saponins has been found to have no anti-non-small-cell lung cancer activity, antioxidant, antiinflammatory and anti-cancer properties. Recent studies shows that glycyrrhizic acid can inhibit the proliferation of endometrial and breast cancer cells and possess anticancer properties through various mechanisms. Combining clinical chemotherapy drugs with licorice compounds reduces side effects and enhances anticancer effects. The flavonoid-rich part of licorice exhibits cytotoxic effects against human oral squamous cell carcinoma cell lines. Licorice inhibits tumor cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and apoptosis in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Isoliquiritigenin inhibits prostate cancer growth and is effective in cancer prevention. Lic A suppresses oxidation making it a potential anti-cancer and antiproliferative agent 91, 92. Glycyrrhizin stimulates endogenous defense mechanisms and enhances phagocytic activity in neutrophils 46.
Antimicrobial Activity: Liquorice leaves ethanol extracts of 4 & 8mg have been found to be effective against Candida albicans, Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcus aureus 93. Root extracts in ether, chloroform, and acetone were found to be effective against both gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus) and gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) 94. The root ethanolic extract showed antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra and H37Rv strains 95. Glabridin was found to be effective against Mycobacterium while hispaglabridin was inactive. Glabridin a potent antimycobacterial molecule has been found to be effective in treating coughs and chest ailments with its 1,3-positions of free phenolic hydroxyls potentially influencing its activity.(95)
The Text Focuses on the topic of Antimalarial Activities: Further study in In-vitro studies showed its antiplasmodial activity against P. falciparum and HeLa cells, while in-vivo studies inhibited P. berghei growth 96. Licorice containing licochalcone exhibits antimalarial properties with an oral dose of 1000 mg/kg in mice completely eliminating malarial parasites 97. Chinese pharmacopoeia uses Glycyrrhiza species, including G. glabra, G. uralensis, and G. inflata, as sources of Gan Cao. Chalcone licochalcone A, isolated from all species, shows antimalarial activity 98. Malaria, a global public health threat, is primarily caused by Plasmodium species, including P. falciparum. The disease mortality is primarily due to P. falciparum infections, with multiple drug classes and modes of action 99. Quinoline-like compounds and artemisinin-based combination therapies are used to treat malaria, promoting the search for antimalarial agents from diverse botanic sources due to their effectiveness. Medicinal herbs with antioxidant, antifungal, anticarcinogenic, anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic properties commonly used in traditional herbal formulas for various diseases 100. GLR and its metabolites have anti-malaria properties due to two complementary activities, a membrane effect and cholesterol sequestration, stable complexes with HMGB1 proteins. GLR has antiplasmodial properties and low toxicity to human red blood cells making it a less hemolytic saponin 101.
Antiviral Activity: Glycyrrhizin a compound with strong antiviral properties inhibits virus cell binding making it effective against HIV-1, japanese encephalitis, yellow fever viruses, in controlling viral replication and potential use as a prophylactic measure was evaluated against two SARS isolates 102, 103. Liquorice extract has been found to inhibit the growth of various viruses including Herpes simplex, Varicella zoster, Japanese encephalitis, influenza, vesicular stomatitis virus, and type A influenza virus 104–106. A study on SARS patients at Frankfurt University in Germany found that glycyrrhizin compared to other antiviral agents was most effective in controlling viral replication making it a potential prophylactic measure 107.
GL, a compound isolated from licorice roots has been confirmed to have antiviral activity, targeting release step of infectious anti-HCV particles, suggesting potential use in treating chronic hepatitis C patients. Recent studies of licorice extracts inhibit Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria 108. The antiviral efficacy of 6-azouridine, glycyrrhizic acid, mycophenolic acid, pyrazofurin, and ribavirin on SARS-COV, finding glycyrrhizic acid superior in viral adsorption and penetration 109, 110. Licorice extracts rich in triterpenoids and flavonoids are being explored as potential alternatives to synthetic fungicides for treating dental caries, periodontal disease, digestive anabrosis and tuberculosis 111.
Memory Enhancer Activity is a Type of Cognitive Enhancement: The study examined the impact of Glycyrrhiza glabra on learning and memory in mice finding significant improvement in learning and memory at a dose of 150 mg/kg 112. Dementia is a severe mental disorder affecting intellectual abilities and memory often caused by Alzheimer's disease. Central cholinergic pathways play a role in learning and memory processes. Centrally acting antimuscarinic drugs can impair learning and memory in animals and humans 113. The study followed neuropsychopharmacology parameters for testing learning and memory, using diluted libirice extract, scoplamine hydrobromide and diazepam injections. Oral and intravenous administration was done at 1 ml/100 g of mouse 114. Chronic inflammation in Alzheimer's disease patients brains may be inhibited by anti-inflammatory drugs like indomethacin, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug has been shown to protect against memory loss and amyloid deposits, supporting the hypothesis 115. Glycyrrhizin and its metabolites cause pseudoaldosterone syndrome by inhibiting aldosterone metabolism and suppressing 5'-reductase due to its similar structure to adrenal cortex hormones 116, 117.
Anticoagulant Activity: Glycyrrhiza glabra extract enhances bleeding time and blood loss in-vivo indicating its effectiveness as an antithrombotic agent 118. Glycyrrhizin a plant-based anti-inflammatory compoundhas been found to inhibit thrombin, prolong clotting time and increase plasma recalcification duration, while not affecting platelet aggregation or collagen induced agglutination 118. Thrombin serine proteinasecrucial for blood coagulation and hemostatic processes. Glycyrrhizin, a thrombin inhibitor, has shown effective antithrombotic activity in rats, without potentiating antithrombin III or heparin cofactor II 119. High doses of GL (360 mg/kg) increase APTT by 4.3fold while doses of 180 mg/kg reduce venous thrombus formation and prolong coagulation time by 1.5-fold 119. The study identifies a heparin-like anticoagulant activity for GL, but cautions against its broad specificity. High doses of GL increase APTT without antithrombic action, but thrombus inhibition and bleeding effect are linked. GL also produces pseudoaldosteronism, hypertension, salt retention, and hypokalemia 118, 120. Glycyrrhizin, a thrombin inhibitorreduces thrombus size in rats with dose-dependent effects, with doses ranging from 180-360 mg/kg decreasing thrombus weight by 35-90%, respectively 121, 122.
Antioxidant Activity: Glycyrrhiza root extract when mixed with DPPH demonstrated potent antioxidant properties with a maximum scavenging effect of 67.22% at a concentration of 500 μg/ml 123. Licochalcones B and D found in Glycyrrhiza can prevent microsomal lipid peroxidation and safeguard biological systems from oxidative stress 124. Glycyrrhiza glabra's retrochalcone has a 100 times more potent anti-oxidant capacity than vitamin E protecting red blood corpuscles from oxidative hemolysis 125. Antioxidant activity observed likely due to phenolic content with flavonoids and isoflavones like glabridin, hispaglabridin A and 30‐hydroxy‐4‐O‐ methylglabridin being the responsible compounds. The study revealed a significant antioxidant activity of the dihydrostilbene derivates found in G. glabra leaves 126.
The antioxidant activity of GA was also examined using the CIDNP technique. This method is highly informative for studying free radical reactionsbiochemical processes 127. GA molecules effectively capture paramagnetic species, surpassing natural antioxidants through reactions with reactive oxygen species, solvated electrons and radical xenobiotics 128. Drug encapsulated in GA micelles or gel nanoparticles inhibits free radical formation in drug molecules and potentiates the therapeutic activity of other drugs and antioxidants. It increases the solubility and bioavailability of natural antioxidants and lipophilic molecules. Glycyrrhizin has promising prospects for combination therapy, especially with Vitamin C, a potent antioxidant 28.
The Statement is About the Analgesic Activity: The International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) defines pain as an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience linked to tissue damage or its description 129. Analgesics are medications that numb the central and peripheral nervous systems to alleviate pain 130. The hydroalcoholic root extract of licorice, as proven through formalin and light tail-flick tests, effectively inhibits white globule immigration, inflammatory mediator productionand neutrophil production 131. Isoliquiritigenin, a flavonoid from Glycyrrhiza glabra roots inhibited uterine contraction and attenuated pain in mice aligning with its traditional use for dysmenorrhea treatment 132.
It shifted Ca2+ concentration-response curves, similar to verapamil suggesting relaxant activity through voltage-dependent L-type Ca2+ channel blockade. Nitric oxidean agonist of apoptosis may control menstrual bleeding and synthesis of prostaglandins. Its induciblecalcium-independent activity in menstrual phase endometria is six times higher than proliferative or late-secretory endometrial 133. Analgesic activity of isoliquiritigenin was evaluated in vivo. This study investigated the analgesic activity of isoliquiritigenin using the acetic acid-induced writhing method andhot-plate method revealing that isoliquiritigenin up-regulates antiinflam-matoryheme oxygenase-1 expression in RAW264.7 macrophages 134. The reduced nociceptive behavior in animals treated with isoliquiritigenin is not due to skeletal muscle relaxant effect as it did not affect their performance in the rotating rod test 135.
Antidepressant Activity: Anti-depressant effects in mice through forced swim and tail suspension tests with 150 mg/kg dose reducing immobility time without compromising locomotor activity 136, 137. Liquiritin, a metabolite of G. uralensis has been shown to enhance memory and act as an antidepressant in mouse immobility tests and chronic stress tests 138. The study found that licorice extract improves memory and learning in mice by increasing 5-Hydroxytryptamine and norepinephrine levels in the hypothalamus, hippocampus & cortex, antagonizing scopolamine-induced amnesia 138. The study found that licorice extract when administered at doses of 225mg/kg body wt. and 150 mg/kg body wt. enhanced dendritic intersections and arborization in hippocampul pyramidal neurons, suggesting potential therapeutic applications 91, 139.
The Activity is Designed to Stimulate Hair Growth: Female wistar rats were used for hair growth promotion studies with their dorsal skin denuded and treated with paraffin oil, minoxidil solution or G. glabra root extract daily for 30 days. Animals treated with petroleum ether extract of G. glabra roots exhibited longer hair compared to those treated with minoxidil or control 92. Liquorice's hydro-alcoholic extract promotes hair growth with a 2% concentration showing better stimulatory activity than Minoxidil. Its efficacy and safety analysis suggest it can safely be used in herbal Alopecia treatments 140.
The Statement Suggests that the Substance has Antiallergic Properties: Allergic diseases such as asthma, rhinitis and atopic dermatitis have become the most prevalent health issues 141. Mast cells and cell surface-bound IgE release histamine, cytokines and prostaglandins 89. Licorice-derived compounds like glycyrrhizin, 18-β-glycyrrhetinic acid, isoliquiritin, and liquiritigenin exhibit anti-allergic properties, anti-scratching properties and IgE production inhibitory activity 142. Liquiritin, glycyrrhizic acid and liquiritin are effective in inhibiting pro-inflammatory mediators in BV2 cells including iNOS, COX2, TNF-α, IL-1 β, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-6 143. Glycyrrhizin inhibits MUC5AC gene transcription in NCI–H292 cells, reducing mucus hyperproduction and frequency of scratching behavior with doses ranging from 50 mg/kg to 18-β-glycyrrhetinic acid 144, 145.
Antispasmodic Activity: Licorice when hydrolyzed by heat and converted into isoliquiritigenin, exhibits strong solid spasmolytic activity 146. Glycycoumarin inhibited smooth muscle contraction in male ICR mice by inhibiting phosphodiesterases and increasing intracellular cyclic AMPeffect induced by stimulants like carbachol, KCL, barium chloride and calcium ionophore 3 147. Licorice alcoholic extract exhibits antispasmodic properties by reducing ileum contraction irrespective of beta-adrenergic, opiodic, and NO receptors 142. Licorice's antispasmodic effects were studied in mice and it was found that glycycoumarin effectively inhibits phosphodiesterase acting as an effective antispasmodic agent.
The antismooth muscle mechanism of 1 is similar to papaverine's, inhibiting carbachol-induced contractions. Its relaxant activity depends on licorice and roots with 1 content significantly influencing relaxant effects. It inhibits intestinal tube contraction activity more strongly than isoliquiritigenin 148.
Antiinflammatory Activity: B-Glycyhrritinic acid the major antidepressant activity is primarily derived from the metabolite of glycyrrhizin 9, 149. B-glycyhrritinic acid a compound with antiinflammatory properties has been found to be more potentin various animal models 150–152. Glycyhrritinic acid when crushed in H2O effectively treats sore throat cough by inhibiting glucocorticoid antitussive and expectorant effects and potentiating their effects in skin and lung. The co-administration of them with glycyrrhetinic acid has been observed 153. NO, an inflammatory mediator produced by iNOS enzyme stimulated by inflammatory stimuli like bacterial LPS and induced by NF-kB, the main transcription factor in inflammatory response 25.
Licorice constituents show steroid-like anti-inflammatory activity similar to hydrocortisone by inhibiting phospholipase A2 activity enzyme crucial for various inflammatory process 154. Over 80% inhibition rate and higher NO production inhibition compared to indomethacin indicating good anti-infammatory activity 155.
TABLE 4: SUMMARY OF PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTION WITH ANIMAL MODEL 89, 156
S. no. | Activity/ Chemical composition | Animal model & cell lines | Ref. |
1. | Antitussive activity (Glycyrrhizin, Liquiritinapioside) | G. glabra extract- reduced cough caused by SO2 gas in experiment. | (29,39–43) |
2. | Immunomodulatory activity (Glycyrrhetinicacid & N-acetylmuramoyl) | In-vivo phagocytosis, determination of cellular immune | (37,47,49–52,90) |
3. | Anti-inflammatory activity (Glycyrrhetic acid, liquiritoside, Licochalcone-a) | doses of 100, 200, or 300mg/kg inhibited rat paw oedema, with a maximum inhibitory action of 46.86%. | (9,59,149,153,155,157,158) |
4. | Hepatoprotective activity (Glycyrrhetic acid, liquiritoside, Licochalcone-a) | in-vivo damage of hepatocytes in rats induced by PCM and acute liver injury in rabbit models induced by CCL4. | (34,57,151,158,159) |
5. | Antiulcerogenic activity (Glabridin, Glabrene, Glycyrrhizinic acid) | The agar well diffusion method was utilized to study the microorganisms, specifically Helicobacter pylori. | (63,65,160–162) |
6. | Antimicrobial activity (Liquiritigenin,
Glabrol, Glabrene, hispaglabridin A and B) |
Micro-organisms used: E. coli, B. subtilis, P. aerogenosa, S. aureu, Entamoeba histolytica protozoa | (94,95,163) |
7. | Antiobesity& Hypolipidemic activity/ Antidyslipidaemicactvity | Fractions significantly reduced LDL and VLDL levels in HFD-fed hamsters to varying degrees. | (67–69,164) |
8. | Antihyperglycemic/ Antidiabetic activity (Amorfrutin, Glycycoumarin, 18-β-glycyrrhetinic acid) | Male albino rats of Wistar strain |
(70,72–80,165) |
9. | Skin lightening/whitening activity (Glabridin, Licochalcone A & Isoliquiritin) | Glabridin, hydrophobic fraction of liquorice extract, inhibit tyrosinase activity in B16 murine melanoma cells. | (35,81,82,84–86,166,167) |
10. | Anticancer/Antimutagenic activity | The Ames test was conducted on S. typhimurium TA 98 reverants, revealing the presence of Trp-p-1 and Trp-p-2 genes. | (87–92,168) |
11. | Antimalarial actvity | Micro-organism used: Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium yoelii | (96–101) |
12. | Antiviral activity (Glycyrrhetinic acid)
|
Herpes simplex 1 & vesicular stomatitis virus | (102–107, 110, 111, 169) |
13. | Memory Enhancing/Learning activity | Three-month-old Wistar albino rats were subjected to elevated-plus maze and Morris water-maze tests. | (112,114–117) |
14. | Anticoagulant activity | Dose of 250mg hydromethanoliclicorice extract exhibits FXa inhibitory effects in vitro | (118,120,170,171) |
15. | Antioxidant activity (Licochalcones B D & C, Licochalcone, glabridin) | scavenging activity & reduction capability of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryhydrazyl radical; also against NO2& superoxide radicals | (28,123,127,128,172–174) |
16. | Analgesic actvity | glycaemia coumarin, glycerin, and glycyrrhizin in ammonium salt, exhibits anti-inflammatory properties. | (129–135) |
17. | Antidepressant activity (Glycyrrhizin) | extracts orally to male mice at doses of 75, 150, and 300 mg/kg for 7 consecutive days. | (91,92,136–138,168) |
18. | Hair growth stimulatory actvity | Glycyrrhiza possesses good hair growth-promoting activity | (91,140,168) |
19. | Antiallergic actvity | inhibiting pro-inflammatory mediators in BV2 cells, including iNOS, COX2, TNF-α, IL-1 β, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-6. | (89,141–144,175) |
20. | Antispasmodic activity | extract of aerial parts was inactive against ACh- and histamine-induced spasms in guinea pig ileum. | (142,146,147,176,177) |
CONCLUSION: Basically, liquorice plant having various enormous benefits. As Glycyrrhetinic acid, a biologically active component of liquorice utilized as a plant-based medicine for various disease conditions due to its neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and anti-carcinogenic properties. Clinical studies have shown that licorice has pharmacological effects against disease conditions. Liquorice is known for its numerous health benefits, including treating glucose intolerance, improving insulin sensitivity, stressing adipose tissue formation, enhancing energy expenditure, and having anti-cancer and antimicrobial effects. Due to work habits and different types of imbalanced diets leads to alopecia and liquorice's profound role in hair growth adjuvants activity studied by scientists is also a great invention.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: Nil
CONFLICT OF INTEREST: Nil
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How to cite this article:
Upadhyay P: Scientific, phytochemical, and pharmacological study of plant Glycyrrhiza glabra linn. Int J Pharmacognosy 2023; 10(10): 516-33. doi link: http://dx.doi.org/10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.IJP.10(10).516-33.
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