PROSOPIS CINERARIA PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES AND HEALTH BENEFITS: A REVIEW STUDY OF A POTENTIAL HERB OF THE THAR DESERT

PROSOPIS CINERARIA PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES AND HEALTH BENEFITS: A REVIEW STUDY OF A POTENTIAL HERB OF THE THAR DESERT

Arpit Gupta

Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rama University, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India.

ABSTRACT: Background: Prosopis cineraria is regarded as a significant herbal plant because of its many therapeutic properties. It is a member of the global tribe Leguminosae, subfamily Mimosaceae, and genus Prosopis. Prosopis species, which are indigenous to Africa, the Americas, & Asia, have long been used in traditional medicine. The Prosopis species that are used for medicinal reasons most frequently are Prosopis africana, Prosopis alba, Prosopis cineraria, Prosopis farcta, Prosopis glandulosa, Prosopis juliflora, Prosopis nigra, Prosopis ruscifolia, and P. spicigera. Method: The economically significant Prosopis tree component is its wood, which is used to make charcoal, firewood, and fuel. It is becoming evident that biological effects are related to the Prosopis plants' phytochemical makeup, particularly the presence of C-glycosyl flavones in these species (such as isoschaftoside, vicenin II, and isovitexin) Prosopis plants are consequently advantageous for human diet and overall health, claims study. In such a way, this current study offers a thorough summary of the research on the chemical make-up, pharmacology, and food uses of Prosopis plants, ranging from pre-clinical information to upcoming clinical investigations. Conclusion: Medical herbal medicines are considerably more effective than synthetic ones since they have fewer toxic ingredients and side effects. This study makes it abundantly clear that Prosopis cineraria have a variety of pharmacologic capacities, and extracts of the plant's numerous components have been claimed to have a number of therapeutic potentials that can be used to treat a variety of illnesses.

Keywords: Prosopis cineraria, Phytochemicals, Khejri, Golden tree, Medicinal plant, Prosopis, King of the desert

INTRODUCTION: Medicinal plants are used for therapeutic reasons & are considered a wide source of therapeutic compounds due to their diverse phytochemical and pharmacological qualities. Human illness prevention and treatment greatly benefit from the use of herbal plants. Ancient literature alluded to Prosopis cineraria as an important herbal plant ¹. The Leguminosae tribe, subfamily, and global genus Prosopis all contain the species Cineraria (L) Druce, also referred to as Khejri ².

The dry, desert habitats where Prosopis cineraria generally flourishes include those in Arabia, several dry regions in India, including Rajasthan, Gujarat, Punjab, Haryana, & West Uttar Pradesh, along with the drier regions of the Deccan. Some of the regional names for it include Janti & Chonksa (in Delhi), Jhand & Jhind (in Punjab and Haryana), Banni (in Karnataka), Kandi (in the Sindh), Sumri (in Gujarat), & Khejri (Sanskrit) ³.

Prosopis is aquick, drought-tolerant fuel and fodder tree that is frequently planted, but in many countries, it spreads unrestrained like an invasive weed. Prosopis wood is a good fuel source, and poor farmers can make a large amount of money from selling firewood and charcoal. The State branches of a tree were used as fence posts and poles for constructing homes & shelters. Sawn-Prosopis wood is used to make both furniture & flooring. Prosopis has extensive and abundant flowering and yields the best honey ^4-6. The gum, paste, leaves, and smoke of this Prosopis plant contain a wide range of bioactive properties, including antitumor, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, and antioxidant properties ^7-9. Its existence of phytoconstituents including flavonoids, alkaloids, and phenolics has increasingly been connected in research to these effects. In fact, the most prevalent phenolic compounds in Prosopis plants have been recognized as anthocyanins and flavonoid apigenin, luteolin, and quercetin, among their derivatives ^10–12. About 45 species of thorny trees and shrubs belong to the Prosopis genus, which is a component of the Fabaceae / Leguminosae family. Members of this genus can be found both in tropical & subtropical areas of world. The Prosopis genus has historically been used to treat lots of ailments, including respiratory disbalances, calluses, conjunctivitis, diabetes, diarrhoea, the common viral, milk production, liver infections, malaria, sinus inflammatory processes, aches, painful process, rheumatoid arthritis, ringworm, skin inflammations, spasms, stomach pain, and the removal of bladder and pancreatic stones ^13–15. Acta-cosanol, hentriacontane, cholesterol, sterols, stigmasterol, and other sterols are among those found in prosopis leaves ¹⁶. The extracted phytocompound vitexin from P. cineraria may be used to treat leukaemia due to its anti-proliferative properties ¹⁷. In addition, Prosopis offers shade, fruit, fuel, timber, vegetable and livestock feed, building and fence supplies, and medicine ¹⁸. Fresh-leaf juice combined with lime juice can be used to treat dyspepsia; crushed pod extract can treat earaches, toothaches, and pain from broken bones; and topical application of leaf and bark extract to wounds can be helpful ^{19, 20}. There are numerous pharmacological effects of P. cineraria, including pain relief, anti-pyretic, antihyper-glycemic, anti-mutagenic, nootropic, & antidepressant, among others ^21–25. This is because it contains a lot of primary and secondary metabolites. Given that it may be used as food, fuel, and medicine, this plant is sometimes referred to as "Kalpataru." History indicates that many communities hold Khejri in high regard ²⁶. Sangria is the common name for the Prosopis cineraria pod, which are regarded as the desert's dry fruits and are used to prepare Panchkuta, a traditional dish from Rajasthan ²⁷.

Taxonomic Hierarchy of Prosopis cinneria: The Taxonomic classification of Prosopis cinneria is described in Table 1.

TABLE 1: TAXONOMIC HIERARCHY OF PROSOPIS CINNERIA ²⁸

The whole description of the Prosopis cinneria plant is described in Table 2, representing the Prosopis biology and its distribution attributes.

TABLE 2: DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PROSOPIS CINNERIA ^{29, 30}

Morphology of the Prosopis Plant: P. cineraria is indeed a huge tree with 25 m of height that is spiky, extensively spreading, and heavily branching. The cinereous cortex of the tree is covered with intermodal prickles that really are macroscopic by size, straight, and scattered, and its base is big and conical. The morphology of the Prosopis and its different parts is described in Table 3.

TABLE 3:  PLANTS PARTS USES AND THEIR DESCRIPTION ^{31, 32}

Prosopis cineraria Stem Bark Characteristics: Here, some significant macroscopic and microscopic properties are discussed.

Macroscopic Characteristics of Cineraria:

Colour: Externally Brownish greenor white in color.

Texture: Fissured and Rigid.

Taste: It is Slightly Pungent.

Odour: Aromatic.

Shape: Shallow Curved in nature.

Thickness: 2mm-5mm.

Microscopic Characteristics of Prosopis cineraria:

Periderm: Periderm is made up of outer cortical tissue, a limited zone of phelloderm, and a few layers of phellem on the outside.

Collapsed Phloem: Sieve components are crushed into little necrost masses in the collapsed zone. Phloem fibres are made of gelatin. The exterior cellulose wall of gelatinous fiber is thick, and the inside mucilage is undignified.

Crystal Distribution: The collapsing phloem zone contains calcium oxalate crystals. They are prismatic-type crystals.

Phytoconstituents: Numerous chemical components of Prosopis cineraria have nutritional value as well as specific actions in the treatment and prevention of disease.

The following listed Table 4 lists various chemical components and describes how they help to prevent disease.

TABLE 4: PLANT PARTS AND THEIR COMPONENT USED ^33-37

Structure of Main Flavonoids in Prosopis Plants: According to epidemiological research, consuming Phyto-chemicals (such as carotenoids & phenolics) lowers the chances of developing various diseases, particularly chronic conditions. Alkaloids, phenols, particularly flavanones & phenolic acids glycosides, performance-enhancing drugs, tannins, and triterpenoids are just a few of the phytochemicals that are abundant in medicinal plants, and more specifically Prosopis plants.

These compounds are increasingly understood to have beneficial effects on health. Prosopis plants' chemical makeup has been identified and quantified in a number of studies. Given Below Fig 1 represents various flavonoids in the Prosopis plants ³⁸.

FIG. 1: VARIOUS FLAVONOIDS PRESENT IN PROSOPIS PLANTS

Some Prosopis Plant C-Glycosyl Flavones Structures:

FIG. 2: VARIOUS C-GLYCOSYL FLAVONES PRESENT IN PROSOPIS PLANTS

Chemical Structure of Some Phenolic Acids from the Prosopis Species:

FIG. 3: STRUCTURES OF THE PHENOLIC ACIDS OBTAINED FROM THE PROSOPIS PLANTS

Prosopis Species Phytochemical Identification and Quantification: There are several species of Prosopis plants that contain different phytochemically active compounds as described in Table 5.

TABLE 5: PROSOPIS PLANT PARTS AND THEIR PHYTOCHEMICALS

Pharmacological Activities of Prosopis cinneria: Prosopis cineraria plant plays an important role in showing various pharmacological activities. Fig. 4 represents the role of Prosopis cineraria in various therapeutic activities.

FIG. 4: PROSOPIS CINERARIA PHARMACOLOGICAL EFFECTS

Antihyperglycemic Activity: Prosopis cineraria is crucial for lowering blood sugar levels & maintaining diabetes, according to various studies. Alloxan was administered to male Swiss albino mice to cause diabetes. The mice's blood glucose levels dramatically dropped and their liver's glycogen content significantly increased after 45 days of treatment with an ethanolic of the bark. The extract also maintains a constant body weight and brings it back to normal ⁵². The chloroform fraction of Prosopis cineraria also have anti-diabetic properties. After oral administration of in and in isolated chloroform fraction over a 21-day period to streptozotocin-induced Rats with diabetes were given doses of 50 & 100 mg/kg body weight, blood sugar levels and glycosylated haemoglobin were significantly decreased ⁵³. The aqueous extract of P. cineraria leaves also showed antihyperglycemic properties when administered to male Wistar rats with diabetes. An extract demonstrates dosage dependence. Two fractions of pods ethyl acetate and n-butanol extract show substantial in-vitro and antihyperglycemic potential by inhibiting the enzymes -glucosidase and -amylase, respectively ⁵⁴.

Antihyperlipidemic Activity: Prosopis cineraria exhibit exceptional hyperlipidemic features. Its leaves are a useful way to successfully lower the elevated lipid profile parameters. Treatment with a hydroalcoholic extract of Prosopis cineraria leaves normalizes the raised lipid levels and restores the normal level of HDL in hypercholesterolemic mice. The dosage determines how effective it is ⁵⁵. In accordance with additional research, the consumption of an ethanolic extract of Prosopis cineraria bark for 45 days to a male Swiss albino with alloxan-induced diabetes and elevated levels of cholesterol level, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) increased lipid profile specifications to normal. When the extract was administered orally to rabbits after inducing hyperlipidemia, the blood total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, VLDL cholesterol, and ischemia markers (total cholesterol/LDL & LDL/HDL cholesterol) were reduced ⁵⁶.

Anthelmintic Activity: The term "anthelmintics" refers to medications with a specific toxic effect that are used to treat and control parasite infestations ⁵⁷. According to research comparing the Antihelmintic activity of Prosopis cineraria stem bark extracts against albendazole as a reference standard by monitoring the paralysis and fatal duration of Pheretima Posthuma after administering various extracts, the methanolic-extracts of the stem bark are significantly more powerful than petroleum ether & aqueous extract ⁵⁸. The time needed for a dose of 60 mg/ml of methanol extracts to cause paralysis or death was found to be 62 min instead of 23 min for the standard medicine when the same substance was compared to a concentration of 10 mg of Piperazine citrate as a reference standard ⁵⁹.

Anticonvulsant Activity: Prosopis cineraria (Linn) Druce's stem bark's methanolic extract has been demonstrated in studies to be a highly efficient anticonvulsant when used to treat mice with convulsions induced by MES & Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) induction. Induced MES causes mice to exhibit HLTE (hind limb tonic extensions) and PTZ causes them to experience seizures. Administration of the methanolic extract of the stem bark lowers HLTE &protects against seizures ⁶⁰.

Antipyretic and Analgesic Activity: Numerous investigations have shown that Prosopis cineraria bark crude extract has remarkable antipyretic properties, while an ethanol extract of the plant's stem has strong analgesic properties. According to a study, the combination of tannins and alkaloids is what provides these compounds with their analgesic properties ⁶¹. Rats exposed to oral dosages of 200 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg of the ethanolic extract of Prosopis cineraria roots had substantial analgesic action ⁶². The plant's berries and leaves also have analgesic properties. 200 mg/kg of ethanol extract from leaves lowers the rectal temperature in albino rats who have been given pyrexia, whereas, at 300 mg/kg, both leaves and fruits significantly lower pyrexia ⁶³.

Anti-inflammatory Activity: The anti-inflammatory action of Prosopis cineraria is one of the plant's most important pharmacological traits. It facilitates the healing of wounds. Hydroalcoholic extract fractions of Prosopis cineraria that are dissolved in ethyl acetate, chloroform, and butanol have anti-inflammatory effects. Rats' dorsal wounds healed faster when treated with a Page butanol fraction of a hydroalcoholic extract of Prosopis cineraria than they did in the control group, with an increase in the amino acid hydroxyproline concentration and a shorter time for epithelialization & inflammatory indicators in the blood ⁶⁴.

Anti-microbial Activity: An antibacterial impact is the capacity to inhibit the development of microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi. Candida albicans is resistant to the antibacterial activities of Prosopis cineraria pod extract, which is based on methanol ⁶⁵. Using the agar well diffusion method, the leaves, stem, and pods of Prosopis cineraria were evaluated for the presence of antibacterial activity. This demonstrated that each of the three parts of the plant has an inhibitory zone that prevents the growth of microorganisms. Flavonoids, steroids, and other identified secondary plant metabolites may be responsible for the antibacterial activity. The study found that the methanol extract & aqueous extracts demonstrated considerable antimicrobial property against all the microorganism strains that have been tested at a level of 250 g/ml when the Prosopis cineraria peel preparations were analysed to begin analysing the antibacterial activity ⁶⁶.

Antidepressant Activity: A significant sense of sorrow, weariness, decreased thinking & activity, apathy, hopelessness, and suicidal thoughts are some of the symptoms of depression, a very common mental condition. The leaf of Prosopis cineraria have been used in traditional medicine to treat a variety of CNS conditions. The aqueous extract of this leaf has a discernible antidepressant effect. A forced swim test was done to examine the plant's ability to alleviate depression (FST). The period of time that FST animals remained immobile was measured, and it was found that leaves extract at a dose of 200 mg/kg significantly reduced this time ⁶⁷.

In-vivo Treatment of Various Diseases: In-vivo, Prosopis cineraria species is used in the treatment of various diseases through its different- different plant parts such as bark, stem, leaves, and fruits with its particular dose and through its pharmacological mechanism as shown in Table 6.

TABLE 6: VARIOUS IN-VIVO TREATMENTS

In-vitro Treatment of Various Diseases: In-vitro, Prosopis cineraria species is used in the treatment of various diseases through its different- different plant parts such as bark, stem, roots, aerial parts, leaves, and fruits with its particular dose and through its pharmacological mechanism as shown in Table 7.

TABLE 7: VARIOUS IN-VITRO TREATMENTS

The Importance of Prosopis cinneria and its Uses: The Prosopis cineraria are economically important because they may increase soil fertility and provide people with fuel, lumber, and vegetables, prosopis are crucial to the socioeconomic development of the population. The socioeconomic significance of Prosopis cineraria is covered in the sections that follow ^{83, 84}.

Inside the Rajasthan area of India, the Prosopis has been utilized conventionally for thousands of years. "Marwari Mewa" is the name given to the dried Prosopis plant pods. Farmers will occasionally use it in hard times since it lessens the thirst for water in the summer. Dairy cows are encouraged to make milk by Prosopis pods. In addition to its use in the treatment of rheumatism, the Prosopis has a number of other medical uses, many of which have already been mentioned. Pregnant ladies consume the Prosopis blooms mixed with sugar to provide safety and avoid abortions, while the ash from the bark is used to remove excess body hair.

Uses for Prosopis in ceremonies Under the Prosopis tree, a variety of events are honoured, including weddings and the birth of a son. The Prosopis has been under protection for the past 40 to 50 years by a number of communities ⁸⁵.

A Description of Prosopis cineraria's Primary Component: Herbal Medications are non-pharmacological interventions that are used in the treatment and management various Life-disorders ^86-87. Locally, the Prosopis pod is known to as "sangri." It is acknowledged as a distinctive Rajasthani dry fruit and a crucial component of the "Panchkuta" meal. Sangri provides nutrients such protein, lipids, carbohydrates, and minerals in addition to meeting the body's basic nutritional needs. Sangri is recommended by many dietary organisations for the prevention of chronic illnesses including cancer and atherosclerosis. Every component of the sangri possesses therapeutic role, for the treatment of various diseases and disorders as depicted in Table 8.

TABLE 8: SANGRI CONTENTS AND THEIR IMPORTANCE ^88-90

Future Perspectives of Prosopis cinneria: It is believed that Prosopis cineraria have a variety of pharmacological and therapeutic qualities that make it effective for the treatment of a no. of chronic conditions, although further research is still required. This tree safely and successfully cures a number of diseases without causing unfavourable side effects. The Indian government is required to give this tree the correct care, particularly in desert regions, as well as a suitable plan for pest management, which is essential for the tree's development.

The fall in the water table, mechanization of agricultural areas, and unrestrained pest growth are the main contributors to this. Around the world, 153 pests have been identified as specifically harmful to Prosopis cineraria. In northwest India, it has been shown that bugs swiftly cause damage to trees. One of several frequent organisms that kill the tree quickly is Homoeocerus variabilis Dallas. The organism grows at its fastest rate in December and at its slowest in July. By sucking sap from the freshly developed leaves, branches, and flowers, the beetle stunted the growth of the tree. This same diseased tree produces faulty pods that humans cannot consume. A common feature is inflorescence, and the development of insect galls prevents fruit from setting and reduces the population.

CONCLUSION: Due to the fact that they contain significantly fewer poisonous components and adverse effects than synthetic medications, medicinal herbal medicines are much more useful. The study makes it abundantly evident that the herb Prosopis cineraria have a variety of pharmacological capabilities, and extracts of the plant's various components have been asserted to have multiple curative properties that can be utilized to cure a variety of maladies. Therefore, it may be said that this plant has a significant therapeutic value. Locally called "Khejri," Prosopis cineraria contains a number of pharmacological properties that can significantly improve overall health. In order to treat a variety of medicinal effects, the herbal plant Prosopis cineraria's leaves, bark, twigs, flowers, fruits, and pods are employed. These plants' leaves have properties that are anti-hyperglycaemic, anti-hyperlipidemic, anti-oxidant, analgesic, antipyretic, anti-depressant, and calm the skeletal muscles. While the plant's pods were said to have an anti-bacterial impact, the bark of the plant demonstrates anti-diabetic, anti-atherosclerotic, and nootropic effects. According to reports, Prosopis cineraria has a variety of phytoconstituents and exhibits a wide range of pharmacological activity, although further in-depth research is still required.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: Nil

CONFLICT OF INTEREST: Nil

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    How to cite this article:

    Gupta A: “Prosopis cineraria” pharmacological properties and health benefits: a review study of a potential herb of the thar desert”. Int J Pharmacognosy 2024; 11(8): 383-96. doi link: http://dx.doi.org/10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.IJP.11(8).383-96.

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