PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING ASSESSMENT, ANTIOXIDANT CAPACITY AND ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY OF EXTRACTS FROM CECROPIA PACHYSTACHYA TRÉCUL. CECROPIACEAE (URTICACEAE) AS SOURCE FOR HERBAL MEDICINES DEVELOPMENT

PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING ASSESSMENT, ANTIOXIDANT CAPACITY AND ANTI-MICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY OF EXTRACTS FROM CECROPIA PACHYSTACHYA TRÉCUL. CECROPIACEAE (URTICACEAE) AS SOURCE FOR HERBAL MEDICINES DEVELOPMENT

Sabrina Araujo de Sousa ¹, Mônica Alcantara Alves ¹, Sarah Caroline de Souza Silva ¹, José Ribamar de Souza Nogueira ¹, Diegue Henrique Nascimento Martins ², Yris Maria Fonseca-Bazzo ² and Alvaro Carlos Galdos-Riveros ^{* 1}

Faculty Anhanguera of Brasília ¹, Distrito Federal, CEP 71950-550, Brazil.

Faculty of Health Science ², University of Brasília, Distrito Federal, CEP 70910-900, Brazil.

ABSTRACT: Several plants used for medicinal purposes can be found in the Brazilian Cerrado, among which highlights the genus Cecropia used as a bronchodilator, antitussive, anti-diabetic, anti-diarrheal, anti-hypertensive, anti-inflammatory and vasorelaxant. Between species, there is Cecropia pachystachya belongs to the Urticaceae family. This study aims to evaluate the phytochemical screening, antioxidant capacity and antimicrobial susceptibility of ethanol, aqueous and hydroalcoholic extracts the leaves of C. pachystachya extracts. In analyzing, the phytochemical screening was used for prospecting technique chemical constituents of plant extracts to detect the presence of alkaloids, anthraquinones, steroids/triterpenoids, flavonoids, glycosides, tannins, and saponins. The method of inhibiting free radical 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH^•) was employed for the evaluation of the antioxidant capacity of the extracts and the antimicrobial susceptibility wells technique in Mueller-Hinton agar. The ethanol extract showed better antioxidant activity compared to the control with 0.56 µL/mL of IC₅₀, but also in antimicrobial susceptibility with inhibitory effect in different concentrations. We can conclude that the extract which showed a high performance against the trials was the ethanol. However, C. pachystachya demonstrated to be a good candidate in the development of herbal medicines.

Medicinal plant, Embauba, DPPH, Phenolic compounds, Flavonoids

INTRODUCTION: Brazil is considered one of the most biological range countries 1 which has five biomes, including the Cerrado, which is the second largest biome in South America, covering an area of 2,036,448 km², about 22-23% of the country.

In terms of area, it is exceeded only by the Amazonian forest (with approx. 3 ± 5 million km²). ² The Brazilian Cerrado region extends from the margin of the Amazonian forest to outlying areas in the southern states of São Paulo and Paraná, occupying more than 20° of latitude and an altitudinal range from sea-level to 1800m ³.

The Brazilian Cerrado is recognized as the most biodiverse savannah, home to 11,627 species of native plants and those already cataloged more than 220 species have medicinal use. ² Among various existing species in this biome is the Cecropia genus, belonging to the Urticaceae family, consisting of about 75 tropical species and known by embauba or trumpet-tree ⁴.  In folk medicine, this genre has several effects, among them, bronchodilator ⁵, antitussive ⁶, anti-diabetic ⁷, anti-diarrheal ⁸, anti-hypertensive ⁹, anti-inflammatory ¹⁰ and vaso-relaxant ¹¹.

Among the various species of medicinal interest of this kind, there is the Cecropia pachystachya or white embauba, a tree which can reach up to 12 meters height ¹². In Brazil, it occurs from the south of the Amazon, in the states of Amazonas, Bahia, Ceará, Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, Goiás, Maranhão, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Pará, Paraíba, Pernambuco, Piauí, Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Minas Gerais, São Paulo, and the Federal District, and extends to Paraguay and northern Argentina, inhabiting forests, savannas, and salt marsh areas ^{12, 13}.

Most of the bioactive compounds present as saponins, proteins and amino acids, cathechin, tannin, coumarin derivated, steroids and triterpenoids, also it has antioxidant activity which inhibits the formation of the free radicals ¹⁴. Free radicals are highly reactive atoms or molecules produced naturally in the system. In the normal body functioning, external factors may lead to excess production of these radicals and cause oxidation of cells, which contributes to the development of various diseases, such as diabetes, cancer, atherosclerosis, among others ¹⁵. To inhibit excess free radicals and prevent the formation of such diseases, antioxidants retard the rate of oxidation, can be produced by the body itself or obtained from external sources in food and beverages ¹⁶. Recently research has increased, concerning to the developing property of natural products contained in crude extracts or isolated compounds ¹⁷.

One of the biggest plants of research incentives with therapeutic measures comes from the increasing cases of resistance to conventional antibiotics worldwide, developed by various microorganisms, due to the indiscriminate use of this drug by the population, becoming a serious public health problem ^{18, 19}. Among these microorganisms, there is the Staphylococcus aureus, a species belongs to the genus Staphylococcus sp., a gram-positive bacterium and it is considered of great clinical importance ^{20, 21, 22}; as well as Salmonella typhimurium, a gram-negative species, which belongs to the genus Salmonella ²³ and it is considered the most serious infection caused by this genre ²⁴.

Investments in research for the production of medicines and public policies, such as the National Policy on Integrative and Complementary Practices (PNPIC), National Policy on Medicinal Plants (PNPM / Ministry of Health), the National List of Essential Medicines (RENAME) are boosters of rational use of medicinal plants and herbal medicines in treating patients, in order to ensure the Brazilian population safe access in order to promote sustainable use of biodiversity, the development of the productive chain and the national industry, as well as to encourage the development of new alternatives treatment ²⁵.

This study aims to evaluate phytochemical screening, antioxidant capacity and antimicrobial susceptibility front of gram-positive (S. aureus) and gram negative (Salmonella typhimurium) bacteria of ethanol, hydroalcoholic and aqueous extracts of Cecropia pachystachya leaves.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

Plant Material: The sample was collected on the farm “Capoeirão,” located in Inhumas (Goias-GO) in February 2014 Fig. 1. The material used consists of Cecropia pachystachya Trec. Leaves identified in the herbarium of Biological Sciences at the University of Brasilia by Prof. Dr. Christopher Fagg and a voucher specimen of plant species deposited in the Herbarium of Faculty Anhanguera of Brasilia under the voucher 27.1001.

Preparation of Extracts: To obtain fluid crude extracts has been applied of the soaking methods followed by filtration in vacuum and concentration on rota evaporator according to Brazilian Pharmacopoeia ²⁶. The ethanolic extract was subjected to the maceration process using 40 g of plant drugs extracted with 300 ml of 70% ethanol, followed by vacuum filtration. Subsequently, the extract was concentrated on rotaevaporator (Fisatom^® Mod. 801) in vacuum at the temperature of 60 °C to 120 revolutions per minute. For aqueous and hydroalcoholic extracts was the same procedure used for extraction of the ethanol extract except using the solvents were 70% ethanol and distilled water 1:1, and distilled water for hydroalcoholic and aqueous extract respectively. The fluid crude extracts were stored in amber glass vials and stored at 10 °C.

FIG. 1: MACROSCOPIC ASPECTS OF CECROPIA PACHYSTACHYA TREC. (URTICACEAE). WE MAY OBSERVE, IN (A): ASPECT OF THE TREE; IN (B): LEAF DETAILS; IN (C): ABAXIAL SIDE OF THE LEAF AND (D): ADAXIAL SIDE OF THE LEAF

Qualitative Phyto-chemical Analysis: Phyto-chemical screening was performed on all extracts to detect the presence of compounds of interest in the sample. Tests were performed to identify anthraquinones, glycosides, ²⁷ alkaloids, steroids/ triterpenoids, flavonoids, saponins and tannins ²⁸. The tests were performed in triplicate.

Determination of Antioxidant Activity by the DPPH Free Radical Assay: For this test, we used the method of Blois ²⁹ with adaptations. From the three different extracts, a stock solution for the establishment of working concentrations by dilution of extracts with respective source solvent was prepared. Then, we took place triplicate of different final concentrations for ethanol (0.038, 0.192, 0.385, 0.577, 0.769, 1.154 e 1.538µL/mL), hydroalcoholic (0.385, 0.769, 1.154, 1.538, 1.923, 2.308 e 2.692 µL/mL) and aqueous extracts (0.962, 1.923, 2.885, 3.846, 4.808, 5.769 e 7.692 µL/mL). Thus, it was added 0.1 ml of sample solution, 1 mL of ethanol, 1 ml buffer and 0.5 ml of DPPH^•. A negative control with the addition of 1.1 ml ethanol, 1 ml buffer and 0.5 ml was made DPPH^•.

For the blank sample was used 1.5 ml of ethanol, 1 ml buffer and 0.1 ml of the sample. To reset the device was used buffer and ethanol 1:1. 15 min after the addition of DPPH^• reading was performed UV-1800 (Shimadzu^®) (517nm) relying on software UVProve 2.33. As a positive control, we used the standard ascorbic acid (C₆H₈O₆). For this method, we used 95% ethanol, sodium acetate/acetic acid buffer (0.1 M) and DPPH^• (0.25 M). Moreover, determining the inhibition potential held by the formula:

% Inhibition = [100 - (Sample Absorbance – Blank Sample Absorbance) × 100] / (Control Absorbance).

The processing of data (IC₅₀) was carried out by linear regression using the straight line equation (y = ax + b) of each extract samples and standard according to Locatelli ³⁰. The statistical analysis of results was performed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) using Graph Pad Prism^® software version 5.01. Although the distribution is nonparametric was preferable to use this type of analysis because we could observe the behavior of the data on the chart better.

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Evaluation: The antimicrobial susceptibility was evaluated according to Bauer and Kirby ³¹ with adaptations through the wells technique on Mueller-Hinton agar (MHA) for each extract. The samples were performed in triplicate by wells in MHA technique for standard strains of gram positive and gram negative, from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC): Staphylococcus aureus 25923 (Laborclin^®) and Salmonella typhymurium 123912 (Laborclin^®). To achieve the technique, threaded tubes containing 9 ml of 0.9 % saline sterilized them by the autoclaving process. In sterile saline solution added to working strain, and it adjusted with the help of spectrophotometric apparatus (Quimis^® Q-SD 108) for the absorbance at 625 nm to obtain reading between 0.08 to 0.1 nm of the strain, which is equivalent to the concentration 0.5 McFarland scale tube getting to worked strain. The bacterial inoculum was carried out with 100 µl of working strain, and with the aid of a sterile Drigalski handle, is distributed evenly over the surface of MHA (Biomerieux^®, a lot: 1408110706), allowed to stand for approximately three minutes. The tests were performed in triplicate. The plates containing the culture medium were drilled wells of 4 mm diameter with the aid of sterile tips.

Subsequently, 50 µl of the extracts diluted with distilled water was applied in each well identified, in concentrations corresponding to 1/1; 1/2; 1/4; 1/8; 1/16; 1/32, and the negative control used was distilled water. The positive control was placed in the center of the disc plate as an amoxicillin 10 µg (Laborclin^®). The plates were incubated in the greenhouse bacterial growth (Quimis^®, Q-316B3) at 37°C ± 2°C for 24 h. After this period, the reading was performed to verify the results of the presence or absence of inhibition zone. The results were determined by measuring in millimeters from halo, with handheld caliper in two horizontal lines by averaging these two measurements ^{31, 32}.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:

Qualitative Phytochemical Analysis: The results of the phytochemical analysis of C. pachystachya extracts are demonstrated in Table 1. Checking for the presence of secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins and steroids/ triterpenoids corroborate the literature, which would explain the pharmacological effect of plant and uses in the treatment of diseases, such as hypertension ^{33, 34, 35}.  However, it was observed that the tests, which showed a greater range identification of bioactive compounds was the ethanol extract, might be by interaction of the chemical constituents present in the plant and solvent used.

TABLE 1: RESULT OF QUALITATIVE PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING

Legend: +++:  Strong qualitative evidence; --+: Moderate evidence; ---: Absence

Determination of Antioxidant Activity by the DPPH^• Free Radical Scavenging Assay: To verify antioxidant activity (AA) in extracts of C. pachystachya the solutions of the samples with DPPH^• was analyzed. The results were plotted concerning the linearity of the assay (r²) so that the curve was plotted from the percentage of inhibition of oxidation, i.e., the percentage of antioxidant activity is proportional to the amount of the DPPH^• consumed by antioxidant. The higher the consumption of DPPH^• by the sample, the higher is the antioxidant activity. ³⁶ Thus, the higher the concentration of the sample and the lower the absorbance; greater is the consumption of DPPH^•.

FIG. 2: ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF EXTRACTS OF CECROPIA PACHYSTACHYA (URTICACEAE). Vit C = acid ascorbic (control), Ext Aq = aqueous extract, Ext Et = ethanol extract and Ext Hd = hydroalcoholic extract. The values represent the mean IC₅₀ ±SD, showing significantly different by ANOVA.

TABLE 2: ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY BY DPPH^• FOR ETHANOL, HYDROALCOHOLIC AND AQUEOUS EXTRACTS OF GROUND LEAVES OF CECROPIA PACHYSTACHYA AND ASCORBIC ACID

Vit C = positive control (ascorbic acid), Ext A = ethanol extract, Ext B = hydroalcoholic extract, Ext C = aqueous extract

In this analysis, it found the three different extracts behaved differently. The extracts worked which showed more significant inhibition of free radical DPPH^• was ethanol, which corroborates Farias ³⁷ in the ethanol extract showed strong antioxidant activity in-vitro since the amount of the antioxidant activity (IC₅₀) was obtained 0.56 µL/mL. While the hydroalcoholic extract was 1.34µL/mL and that AA showed lower was the aqueous extract with IC₅₀ of 2.69 µL/mL Fig. 2. Thus, demonstrating a significant antioxidant capacity except for the aqueous extract concerning ascorbic acid (control), which obtained in an IC₅₀ of 2.66 µL/mL Table 2.

Overall, this activity is related to the presence of flavonoids and tannins, some classes found in all worked extracts. Chlorogenic acid and C-glycosyl flavonoids may explain AA, showing results are in agreement with the medicinal use of this species ³⁷. It is worth noting that the isovitexin flavonoids have an antioxidant potential effectively active ³⁸.

This same compound isolated in the alcoholic extract of Cecropia glaziovii contributed to the activity of the extracts of this kind on blood pressure, while isoorientin and orienting are the main C-glycosyl flavonoids for C. pachystachya ^{39, 40}. Then, which suggests this compound is also responsible for the antioxidant ability of this species. In addition to the flavonoid phenolic compound, we met the presence of other compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins and steroids / triterpenoids, which can act synergistically to contribute to a better activity of the extracts. Other factors that can influence similarly the activity are the time of year and the day of collection, the typical rainy season at the time of collection, as well as the presence of insects living near the plant.

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Evaluation: The hydroalcoholic extract of C. pachystachya leaves showed no inhibition in any of the concentrations. However, the ethanol extract had an inhibitory effect at concentrations 1/1, 1/2 and 1/4 with 16.1 mm, 13.4 mm and 13.8 mm zones of inhibition, respectively. Also, the aqueous extract showed inhibition only at concentrations 1/1 with a zone of inhibition corresponding to 9.0 mm, which corroborates research by Aresi ⁴¹. S. typhymurium was resistant in the different extracts at all concentrations used.

Flavonoids and tannins can impart antimicrobial activity to extracts. Such compounds can inhibit the growth of bacteria by different mechanisms of action ^{42, 43, 44, 45}. Inhibition of nucleic acids exerted by flavonoids particularly with β-hydroxylation in ring ⁴⁶ is an example of these mechanisms of action, as well as inhibition of cell membrane functions ^{47, 48}. Tannins are present in the majority of plant families, and they have diverse biological activities such as antioxidant, anticancer, anti-bacterial and antiviral (HIV replication). ⁴⁹ This phenolic compound usually acts affecting bacterial and viral growth in various ways, as inhibition of extracellular enzymes & oxidative phosphorylation ⁵⁰.

CONCLUSION: The results showed that the presence of metabolites, such as flavonoids and tannins show significant antioxidant activity and can contribute to the inhibition of bacterial growth, especially in the ethanolic extract, it was observed significant performance compared to the tests. Therefore, it is of great relevance indicates that Cecropia Pachystachya leaf can become a prime candidate in the herbal medicines development to help treat patients.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: The authors are grateful for the financial support from IPADE, as well as the help and encouragement from Faculty Anhanguera of Brasilia through scholarships for scientific initiation and the University of Brasilia (UNB) for technical support.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST: Nil

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    How to cite this article:

    de Sousa SA, Alves MA, de Souza Silva SC, de Souza Nogueira JR, Martins DH N, Fonseca-Bazzo YM and Galdos-Riveros AC: Phytochemical screening assessment, antioxidant capacity and antimicrobial susceptibility of extracts from Cecropia pachystachya Trécul. Cecropiaceae (Urticaceae) as source for herbal medicines development. Int J Pharmacognosy 2015; 2(12): 570-76. doi link: http://dx.doi.org/10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.IJP.2(12).570-76.

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