PHYTOCHEMICAL AND PHYSIOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF SOYAMIDA FEBRIFUGA LEAF (MELIACEAE)
HTML Full TextPHYTOCHEMICAL AND PHYSIOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF SOYAMIDA FEBRIFUGA LEAF (MELIACEAE)
Shubhangi Bhide * 1 and S. S. Khadabadi 2
Department of Pharmacognosy 1, Ideal College of Pharmacy and Research, Kalyan - 421306, Maharashtra, India.
Government College of Pharmacy 2, Amravati - 444601, Maharashtra, India.
ABSTRACT: The present study mainly focuses on the ethnomedicinal importance of Soymida febrifuga. The selected plant was reported to have wide ethnomedicinal use. The literature revealed that there is a lack of scientific reports on its leaf. So it is important to provide scientific means systematically. The Phytochemical analysis of the plant has stated about the presence of Carbohydrates, cardiac glycosides, Saponin glycosides, flavonoids, steroids, triterpenoids, tannins, phenolics, and fixed oil, etc. The ethnomedicinal documentation confirms about the potent activity of the leaf part of Soymida febrifuga. The present study provides evidence that solvent extract of Holoptelea integrifolia and Celestrus emarginata contains medicinally important bioactive compounds and this justifies the use of plant species as a traditional medicine for treatment of various diseases.
Keywords: |
Ethnomedicinal, Soymida febrifuga, phytochemical analysis, etc.
INTRODUCTION: Soymida febrifuga is a tall tree belonging to family Meliaceae; commonly known as Indian redwood, bastrol cedar. Pharmacologically the plant is of great importance in the ethnomedicinal, use. It contains some essential constituents like in bark lupeol, sitosterol, methyl angolensate, leaves contains Quercetin, rutin and fruits abundantly contains tetraterpenoids. The ethnobotanical use in the treatment of diarrhea, dysentery, and fever, as a bitter tonic in general debility, treatment of rheumatic swelling, in gargles, vaginal infection, etc.
Plant Material and Extraction:
Plant Material: Fresh leaves of Soymida febrifuga collected in August to September from Amravati District, Maharashtra. A voucher specimen was botanically authenticated by Mrs. P.Y. Bhogaonkar head Botany Department, Vidarbha Institute of Science and Humanities College Amravati & deposited in the herbarium.
The fresh leaves were dried in a hot air oven for 24 h at 55 ºC under shed & powder in a mixture grinder. The powder sieved (40 mesh) leaves packed in a paper bags & stored in airtight container until use.
Extraction: Extraction was carried out by solvent extraction. 50 gm of dry powder was extracted with 200 ml of the solvent by Soxhlet for 20 cycles for Pet. ether, chloroform, methanol, and water. And also the total aqueous extract was obtained.
Physicochemical Evaluation:
Ash Values: Ash values are indicative to some extent of care taken in collection and preparation of a drug for market and of foreign matter content of natural drug. The object of ashing is to remove all traces of organic material interfering in an analysis of inorganic elements. The residue remaining after incineration is the ash content of the drug, adhering to it, or deliberately added to it as a form of adulteration. Many a time, the crude drugs are admixed with various mineral substances like sand, soil, calcium oxalate, chalk powder or other drugs with different inorganic contents. Ash value is a criterion to judge the identity or purity of the drug part of Soymida febrifuga A. Juss. was obtained by reported methods.
Total Ash: This method is designed to measure the total amount of material remaining after ignition. It includes both physiological ash and non-physiological ash. The physiological ash is derived from plant tissue itself, and non-physiological ash is a residue of extraneous matter (e.g., Sand and soil) adhering to plant surface. Total ash usually consists of carbonate, phosphate, silicates, and silica.
Procedure: 2gm of accurately weighed air-dried powder drug was taken in a tarred platinum crucible. Spread the drug material in fine even layer at the bottom of the platinum crucible. This platinum crucible with drug material was kept in a muffle furnace for ignition at high temperature. The temperature of the furnace increased gradually up to 450 ºC. The material was kept at this temperature for 6 h till complete ignition of drug occurred, that is till complete white colored ash was obtained, intermittent weighing was also done, and heating continued till constant weight of crucible.
Crucible was then taken out from the furnace, cooled and weighed. The total ash was calculated by subtracting the weight of crucible with the ash of drug after ignition from the weight of crucible with drug powder before ignition. Percentage of total ash was calculated concerning the air-dried drug.
Acid-Insoluble Ash: Acid-insoluble ash, which is a part of total ash insoluble in dilute hydrochloric acid, is also recommended for certain drugs. Adhering dirt, sand, as well as variation caused by calcium oxalate, may be determined by acid-insoluble ash content. From microscopical studies, it was evident that calcium oxalate crystals were present, although its percentage was less, the acid insoluble ash value has been undertaken to remove variation caused by calcium oxalate.
Procedure: The ash obtained in the total ash method was taken and boiled with 25 ml of 2N hydrochloric acid for 5 min. Insoluble matter was collected on ashless filter paper and washed with hot water. The material was further ignited and weighed. Percentage of insoluble acid ash was calculated concerning air-dried material.
Water Soluble Ash: The aqueous extract of crude drug Soymida febrifuga A. Juss shown to have various biological activities. Therefore, the exhausted powder may be used as an adulterant for this drug. Total ash value also varies from a wide range; therefore, water-soluble ash value, a quite reliable parameter was investigated to judge such type of adulteration.
Procedure: The ash obtained from total ash was taken, boiled with 25 ml water for 5 min. All insoluble matter was collected on ashless filter paper washed with hot water and ignited for 15 min at the temperature not exceeding 450 ºC. The percentage of water-soluble ash was calculated by subtracting the weight of insoluble matter from the weight of total ash. Percentage of water-soluble ash was calculated concerning air-dried drug.
Qualitative Tests for Determination of Inorganic Elem: Total ash was prepared, as per method mentioned above and added with 50 % v/v HCl and kept for 1hour, filtered. The filtrate was taken to perform qualitative tests listed in Table 1.
Extractive Values: The extractives obtained by exhausting crude drugs are indicative of approximate measures of their chemical constituents. Taking into consideration the diversity in chemical nature and properties of contents of drugs, various solvents are used for the determination of extractives. The solvent used for extraction is in a position to dissolve appreciable quantities of substances desirable.
It is employed for material to which yet no suitable chemical or biological assays exist. Extracts were prepared with various solvents by standard methods. Percentage of the dry extract was calculated in terms of air-dried powder drug part. Various extractive values are indicated in Table 6.
TABLE 1: PHYTOCHEMICAL TESTS
S. no. | Test | Observation | Inference |
1
|
For Aluminum
a) Test solution + dilute ammonium solution.
b) Test solution + a solution of ammonium sulphides |
No Gelatinous precipitate, soluble in hydrochloric acid, acetic acid and sodium hydroxide Solution but nearly Insoluble in dilute ammonium solution. Gelatinous precipitate, soluble in hydrochloric acid, acetic acid, and sodium hydroxide Solution but nearly Insoluble in dilute ammonium solution. |
Aluminum absent
Aluminum absent |
2
|
For Chlorides
a)Test solution+ Magnesium dioxide + sulphuric acid. b) Test solution+ A solution of potassium iodide. c) Test solution+ A solution of silver nitrate.
d) Test solution+ A solution of starch. |
No odors of chlorine.
No blue color.
A white, curdy precipitate soluble in dilute ammonia solution but insoluble in nitric acid
Blue color.
|
Chlorides absent
Chlorides absent
Chlorides present
Chlorides present |
3
|
For Copper:
a) Test solution + hydrogen sulphide. b) Test solution + solution of sodium hydroxide. c) Test solution +solution of ammonium thiocyanate.
d) Test solution +dilute ammonia solution. |
No brownish-black precipitate. No light blue precipitate. No black precipitate.
No greenish blue precipitate.
|
Copper absent Copper absent
Copper absent
Copper absent |
4
|
For Calcium:
a) Test solution + solution of ammonium carbonate. b) Test solution + solution of ammonium oxalate. c) Test solution + potassium chromate. d) Test solution +solution of potassium ferrocynide. |
No white precipitate which after boiling and cooling is insoluble in a solution of ammonium sulphide. No white precipitate soluble in hydrochloric acid but insoluble in acetic acid. No yellow, crystalline precipitate. No immediate precipitate, but on the addition of an excess of reagent in the presence of an excess of ammonium chloride, yield a white precipitate. |
Calcium absent
Calcium absent
Calcium absent Calcium absent |
5
|
For Carbonates and Bicarbonates:
a) Test solution + dilute hydrochloric acid. b)Test solution + A solution of mercuric chloride. c)Test solution + A solution of silver nitrate. |
Effervescence due to liberation of carbon dioxide gas. Brownish-red precipitate.
White precipitate. |
Carbonate present Carbonate present
Carbonate present |
6 | For Iron:
a) Test solution + dil. HCL and solution of potassium permanganate. b) Test solution + dil. HCL and solution of ammonium thiocyanate. c) Test solution + solution of potassium ferrocyanide. d)Test solution +solution of NAOH. |
Faint pink color.
Blood red color.
White precipitate.
Dull green precipitate. |
Iron present
Iron present Iron present Iron present |
7 | For Magnesium:
a) Test solution +solution of ammonium carbonate, boil. b) Test solution +dilute ammonia solution and solution of sodium phosphate. c) Test solution +solution of sodium hydroxide. |
White precipitate
White crystalline precipitate
White precipitate |
Magnesium present Magnesium present Magnesium present |
8 | For Nitrate
a) Test solution + sulfuric acid and copper, warm. b) Test solution + solution of ferrous sulphate. c) Test solution + solution of sodium hydride and zinc powder, boil. |
No liberation of red fumes.
No brown precipitate. No liberation of ammonia detected by its odor and its action on moistened litmus paper |
Nitrogen absent
Nitrogen absent Nitrogen absent |
9 | For Phosphate
a) Test solution + solution of silver ammonium nitrate. b) Test solution + magnesium ammonium sulphate. c) Test solution + solution of ammonium molybdate and nitric acid. |
No light yellow color precipitate, readily soluble in dilute ammonia solution and cold nitric acid No white crystalline precipitate
No yellow precipitate |
Phosphates absent
Phosphates absent Phosphate absent |
10 | For Potassium
a) Test solution + perchloric acid. b) Test solution + solution of sodium cobalt nitrite and acetic acid. c) Sample moistened with hydrochloric acid and introduced on the platinum wire into the flame of Bunsen burner. |
No white crystalline precipitate
No yellow precipitate
No violet color to the flame
|
Potassium absent Potassium absent
Potassium absent |
11 | For Sodium
a) Test solution + solution of uranyl zinc acetate. b) Sample moistened with hydrochloric acid and introduced on the platinum wire into the flame of Bunsen burner. |
No yellow crystalline precipitate.
No yellow color to the flame. |
Sodium absent
Sodium absent |
12 | For sulphates
a) Test solution + solution of barium chloride. b) Test solution + solution of lead acetate. |
A white precipitate insoluble in hydrochloric acid. A white precipitate soluble in a solution of sodium hydroxide. |
Sulphate present Sulphate present |
13 | For zinc
a) Test solution + solution of amm. Sulphide and solution of sodium hydroxide. b) Test solution + solution of Pot. Ferrocyanide |
No white precipitate soluble in hydrochloric acid.
No white precipitate soluble in hydrochloric acid. |
Zinc absent
Zinc absent |
Water-Soluble Extractive Values: This method is applied to drugs, which contain water-soluble active constituents of crude drugs, such as tannins, sugars, plant acids, mucilage, and glycosides.
Procedure: Accurately weighed 5 gm of the powdered drug in the glass-stoppered conical flask. Macerated with 25 ml of distilled water 6 h with frequent shaking, and then allowed to stand for 18 h. After completion of 18 h filtered the contents of the flask and transferred the filtrate in a tarred flat bottom porcelain dish. The filtrate was evaporated to dryness on a water bath and dried at 105 ºC for 6 h cooled in desiccators for 30 min and weighed. Calculated content of extractable matter in milligrams per gram of air-dried material.
Alcohol-Soluble Extractive Values: Alcohol is an ideal solvent for extraction of various chemicals like tannins, resins, etc. Therefore.
Procedure: Accurately weighed 5 gm of powdered drug placed in the glass Stoppard conical flask and macerated with the 25 ml of ethanol (95%) for 6 h with frequent shaking, mixture allowed to stand for 18 h. After completion of 18 h, filtered rapidly taking care not to lose any solvent. Transferred the filter in the tarred flat bottom porcelain dish. The filtrate was evaporated to dryness on the water bath, dried at 105 ºC for 6 h cooled in a desiccator for 30 min and weighted. Calculate content of extractable matter in milligram per gram of air dried material.
Ether Soluble Extractive Values: Same procedure was followed as per water soluble extractive, but instead of water, pet ether was used as a solvent.
Benzene Soluble Extractive Values: Same procedure was followed as per water soluble extractive but instead of water, benzene was used as a solvent.
Chloroform-Soluble Extractive Values: Same procedure was followed as per water-soluble extractive, but instead of water, chloroform was used as a solvent.
Ethyl Acétate Soluble Extractive Values: Same procedure was followed as per water soluble extractive, but instead of water, ethyl acetate was used as a solvent.
Ethanol Soluble Extractive Values: Same procedure was followed as per water soluble extractive but instead of water, ethanol was used as the solvent.
Methanol Soluble Extractive Values: Same procedure was followed as per water soluble extractive, but instead of water, methanol was used as a solvent.
Loss on Drying: Loss on drying is the loss in weight in percent w/w resulting from loss of water and volatile matter of any kind that can be driven off under specific conditions. 2 gram of air-dried drug reduced to powder was placed in a crucible of silica. Originally the crucible was cleaned and dried, and the weight of empty dried crucible was taken. The powder was spread in a thin uniform layer. The crucible was spread in a thin uniform layer. The crucible was then placed in the oven at 105 ºC. The powder was dried for 4 h and cooled in desiccators to room temperature, and weight of the cooled crucible + powder was noted.
TABLE 2: PHYTOCHEMICAL INVESTIGATION
S. no. | Tests Performed | Observation | Inference |
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8 9
10
|
CARBOHYDRATES:
a) Molisch test: To the test tube add with few drops of Molisch’s reagent (Alcoholic α-napthol) 2ml of conc. Sulphuric acid is added slowly from the side of the test tube. b) Bar ford’s test: Test solution heated with Barford’s reagent on a water bath. c) Selvanoff’s test: To the test, solution add crystals of resorcinol and equal volumes of concentrated HCl acid and heat on a water bath. d) Test for pentoses: To the test, solution add equal volumes of HCL acid containing a small amount of phloroglucinol and heat. e) Osazone formation test: Heat the test solution with the solution of phenylhydrazine hydrochloride, sodium acetate, and acetic acid. PROTEINS: a) Heat test: Heat test solution in a boiling water bath. b)Biuret test: Test solution treated with Biuret reagent (40%sodium hydroxide and dilute copper sulphate solution) c) Xanthoproteic test: To the test, solution add weak aqueous iodine solution. Blue color indicates the presence of starch which disappears on heating and reappears on cooling. AMINO ACIDS: a) Millon’s test: Treat test solution with Millon’s reagent and heat on a water bath. b) Ninhydrin test: Boil test solution with Ninhydrin reagent GLYCOSIDES: a) Test A: Extract 200 mg of the drug with 5 ml of dilute sulphuric acid by warming on a water bath, filter it, and neutralize the acid extract with 5% solution of sodium hydroxide. Add 0.1 ml of Fehling’s solution A and B until it becomes alkaline (test pH-paper) and heat on a water bath for 2 min. b) Test B: Repeat test A procedure by using 5 ml of water instead of dilute sulphuric acid. Note the quantity of red precipitate formed. c) Test for Anthraquinone glycosides: Boil the test material with 1ml of sulphuric acid for 5 minutes. Filter while hot, cool the filtrate; Shake with an equal volume of dichloromethane or chloroform. Separate the lower layer of dichloromethane or chloroform; shake it with half of its volume of dilute ammonia. d)Modified Borntrager’s test: Boil 200mg of test material with 2ml of sulfuric acid. Treat with 2 ml of 5% aqueous ferric chloride solution (freshly prepared) for 5 min. shake well with an equal volume of chloroform and continue the test as above. e) Test for hydroxyl anthraquinones: Treat the test solution with potassium hydroxyl solution. f)Test for cardiac glycosides: i) Keddie's test: Extract the drug with chloroform, evaporate to dryness. Add one drop of 90 % alcohole and 2 drops of 2% sodium hydroxide solution. ii) Killer killani’s test: Extract the drug with chloroform and evaporate it to dryness. Add 0.4 ml of Glacial acetic acid containing ferric chloride; add carefully 0.5 ml of conc. Sulphuric acid by the side tube. iii) Baljet’s test: Treat test solution with sodium picrate or picric acid. iv) Legal’s test: Treat test solution with pyridine made alkaline with sodium nitroprusside. g) Test for coumarins glycosides: Place a small amount of sample in the test tube and covered it with filter paper moistened with dilute sodium hydroxide solution. Place the covered test tube on a water bath for several minutes. Remove the paper and expose it to ultraviolet light. h)Test for cyanogenetic glycosides: Place 200mg of drug in conical flask and moistened with few drops of water (flask should be completely dry because hydrogen cyanide produced will be dissolved in the water rather than come off as gas react with paper) moisten a piece of picric acid paper with 5% aqueous sodium carbonate solution and suspended in neck of flask. Warm gently at about 370C.Observe the change in color. i) Test for saponin glycosides: Froth test: Place 2 ml of a solution of drug in water in the test tube, shake well. FLAVONOIDS: a)Shinoda test: Treat test solution with fragments of magnesium ribbon and conc. HCL acid b)Alkaline reagent test: Treat test solution with sodium hydroxide solution b) Alkaline reagent test Treat test solution with zinc dust and few drops of HCL. ALKALOIDS: a) Dragendorff’s test: Treat test solution with Dragendorff’s reagent (potassium bismuth iodide) b)Mayer’s test: Treat test solution with Mayer’s reagent (mercuric potassium iodide) c) Wagner’s test: Treat test solution with Wagner’s reagent (Iodine in potassium iodide) d) Hager's test: Treat test solution with Hager's reagent (saturated picric acid solution) e) Tannic acid test: Treat test solution with Tannic acid. STEROIDS AND TRITERPENOIDS: a) Libermann Burchard test: Treat extract with few drops of acetic anhydride, boil, cool, add conc. Sulphuric acid from the sides of test tubes. b)Salkowski test: Treat extract with few drops of conc. Sulphuric acid c) Sulfur powder test: Add a small amount of sulfur powder to test solution. TANNINS AND PHENOLICS: a) Ferric chloride test: Treat test solution with a few drops of 5% Ferric chloride solution. b) Gelatin test: To test solution, add 1% gelatin solution containing 10% sodium chloride. c) Lead acetate test: Treat test solution with a few drops of 10% Lead acetate solution.
MUCILAGE: a) Ruthenium red test: Treat sample with Ruthenium red solution. GUMS: a) Treat sample with dil. HCl acid and then perform Fehling’s or Benedict’s test. FIXED OILS: Press sample on filter paper. VOLATILE OILS: Press sample on filter paper. |
Violet ring is formed at the junction of two liquids. Red ppt. is obtained.
Rose color is formed.
The red color is formed.
Yellow crystals forme (observe under a microscope)
Coagulation occurs.
Violet or pink color obtained.
Ppt. Turns orange.
No white ppt. forms and on warming it gets turns to red
No purple or blue color appears
Red ppt. formed compared with ppt. of test A
No Ammonical layer shows pink color
No Ammonical layer shows pink to red color
No Red color produced
The purple color is produced.
Upper layer shows bluish green color At the junction of two layers reddish brown color
yellow to orange color
Pink to red color
No Yellowish green fluorescence
No Reddish purple color produced.
Persistent foam forms.
The pink color produced.
Yellow coloration
Magenta red color
Orange brown ppt
Cream colored ppt occurs.
Reddish brown ppt
Yellow ppt
Buff colored ppt.
First red then blue and finally green color produced.
Chloroform layer appears red, and acid layers show greenish yellow fluorescence Sulfur sinks
Deep blue color Green color.
White ppt
White ppt No Red color produced.
No Red color develops A permanent mark on filter paper. No Permanent mark on filter paper |
Carbohydrate present.
Monosaccharide present
Hexose sugar present.
Pentose sugar present.
Carbohydrate present.
Proteins absent.
Proteins absent.
Proteins absent.
Amino acids absent.
Amino acids absent.
If ppt. in test A is greater than in test B, then glycoside may be present.
Anthraquinone glycoside is absent.
Anthraquinone glycoside is absent.
Hydroxyanthraquinones absent.
Cardiac glycosides present.
Cardiac glycosides present.
Cardiac glycosides present. Cardiac glycosides present.
coumarin glycosides absent.
cyanogenetic glycosides absent.
Saponin glycosides present. Flavonoids present.
Flavonoids present
Flavonoids present.
Alkaloids absent.
Alkaloids absent
Alkaloids absent
Alkaloids absent.
Alkaloids absent.
Steroids present. Triterpenoids present.
Steroids present. Triterpenoids present.
Steroids present.
Hydrolyzable tannins present.
Condensed tannins present.
Tannins present.
Mucilage absent.
Gums absent. Fixed oils present.
No Volatile oils present. |
TABLE 3: ASH VALUE
Types of ash values | % w/w |
1) Total Ash
2) Acid-insoluble ash 3) Water-soluble Ash 4) moisture content |
13.78%
08.82% 18.16% 06.98% |
TABLE 4: INORGANIC CONSTITUENTS AND THEIR PRESENCE
S. no. | Test for Inorganic Elements | Inference |
1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 |
Calcium
Magnesium Sodium Potassium Iron Sulphate Phosphate Chloride Carbonate Nitrates |
-
+ - - + + - - + - |
TABLE 5: EXTRACTIVE VALUE OF DIFFERENT SOLVENTS, PERCENTAGE, EXTRACTABILITY AND COLOR OF EXTRACT
Type of solvent | Extractive value | Colour of extract | consistency | |
Day light | Under UV | |||
Pet. Ether | 1.081% | Greenish | Greenish brown | Sticky |
Benzene | 0.828% | Greenish black | Black | Semisolid |
Chloroform | 5.172% | Brownish | Black | Semisolid |
Ethyl acetate | 1.224% | Brownish | Black | Sticky |
Ethanol | 3.121% | Brownish | Black | Semisolid |
Methanol | 4.641% | Brownish | Black | Semisolid |
Water | 3.256% | Brownish | Black | Dry |
TABLE 6: PHYTOCHEMICALS INVESTIGATION
S. no. | Chemical tests performed | Pet ether | chloroform | methanol | Water | Total aqueous |
1 | Carbohydrates | - | - | - | + | + |
2 | Proteins | - | - | - | - | - |
3 | Amino Acids | - | - | - | - | - |
4 | Glycosides | |||||
I)Anthraquinone | - | - | - | - | - | |
II)Cardiac | - | + | + | - | - | |
III)Coumarins | - | - | - | - | - | |
IV)Cyanogenetic | - | - | - | - | - | |
5 | Saponin Glycosides | - | - | + | + | + |
6 | Alkaloids: | - | - | - | - | - |
7 | Flavonoids: | - | - | + | + | + |
8 | Steroids And Triterpenoids: | + | + | - | - | - |
9 | Tannins And Phenolics | + | + | + | + | + |
10 | Mucilage: | - | - | - | - | - |
11 | Gums: | - | - | - | - | - |
12 | Fixed Oils | + | + | - | - | - |
13 | Volatile Oils | - | - | - | - | - |
+ indicates present and – indicates absent
CONCLUSION: In the present study it element detection results show the presence of magnesium, iron, sulphates, and carbonates. The phytochemical evaluation result of Soymida febrifuga leaves revealed the presence of Carbohydrates, cardiac glycosides, Saponin glycosides, flavonoids, steroids, triterpenoids, tannins, phenolics, and fixed oil.
The plant is blessed with immense potent activities in combining different types of diseases the requirement is to explore it the most for its active constituents and furthermore regarding its mode of action and structural analysis so that a better and more advanced formulation can be prepared for the mainstream administration of the drug.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: Authors are thankful to Mrs. P.Y. Bhogaonkar head Botany Department, Vidarbha Institute of Science and Humanities College Amravati, Maharastra for authentication and identification of this plant.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST: Nil
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How to cite this article:
Bhide S and Khadabadi SS: Phytochemical and physiochemical studies of Soyamida febrifuga leaf (Meliaceae). Int J Pharmacognosy 2016; 3(10): 445-54. doi link: http://dx.doi.org/10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.IJP.3(10).445-54.
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Article Information
3
445-454
570
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English
IJP
S. Bhide * and S. S. Khadabadi
Department of Pharmacognosy, Ideal College of Pharmacy and Research, Kalyan, Maharashtra, Government College of Pharmacy, Amravati, Maharashtra, India.
ssbhide1920@gmail.com
12 September 2016
07 October 2016
26 October 2016
10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.IJP.3(10).445-54
31 October 2016