MEDICINAL PLANTS AND PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA: IS THAT THE SOLUTION FOR ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE
HTML Full TextMEDICINAL PLANTS AND PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA: IS THAT THE SOLUTION FOR ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE
Rim M. Harfouch
Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tishreen University, Latakia, Syria.
ABSTRACT: Peudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen causing severe, acute and chronicnosocomial infections in urinary and pulmonary tracts, burns and wounds. There is an urgent and global need for alternative antimicrobial strategies to fight the continuous rise of P. aeruginosa resistance to different antibiotics. This review summarizes the antibacterial effect of several plant extracts and essential oil, specifically honey, propolis, and oil extracted from Cupressus macrocarpa Leaves, Taraxacum officinale extract and Citrus limon Peel Extracts.
Keywords: Phytochemicals, Medicinal plants, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Antibiotic resistance
INTRODUCTION: The multi-drug resistant bacteria to antibiotic is a global problem and widespread, leading to infection that is difficult to treat and may result in death. Antibiotic resistance has affected people in any time or age of life, making it one of the biggest public health problems 1. Peudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen causing severe, acute and chronicnosocomial infections in urinary and pulmonary tracts, burns and wounds. There is an urgent and global need for alternative antimicrobial strategies to fight the continuous rise of P. aeruginosa resistance to different antibiotics. Strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa are known to utilize their high level of intrinsic and acquired resistance mechanisms to counter most antibiotics 2.
In addition, adaptive antibiotic resistance of P. aeruginosa is a recently characterized mechanism, which includes biofilm-mediated resistance and is responsible for recalcitrance and relapse of infections. The most exposed patients to the risk of infection and reaching a critical condition are those with weak immunity especially hospitalized and intensive care patients, especially for those who suffer from chronic lung diseases 3.
Effect of Honey on Peudomonas aeruginosa: Results from several studies confirm that honeys from different countries and regions may have wide variations in their antimicrobial activity. It has been shown that honey may have antimicrobial action ranging from lesser than 3% to 50% and higher concentrations. Several authors also reported that the antibacterial efficacy of honey differs greatly from plant sources. Honey may inhibit bacterial growth due to several mechanisms, such as the osmotic effect, low pH, hydrogen peroxide generation, and phytochemicals. The combination of these diverse mechanisms may account for the inability of bacteria to develop resistance to honey, in contrast to the rapid induction of resistance observed with conventional single-component antibiotics. Since P. aeruginosa are recalcitrant to antibiotic therapy, the efficacy of honey to inhibit test isolates, irrespective of their antibiotic sensitivity patterns, has important clinical applications. This property may make honey useful in the treatment of drug-resistant infections 4.
Effect of Propolis on Peudomonas aeruginosa: Propolis is a mixture of beeswax and resins collected by the honeybee from different plant buds, leaves, and exudates. Bees use propolis not only as a building material but also as a means of maintaining low bacterial and fungal concentration levels in hive 5. Studies showed that the ethanolic extract of propolis (EEP) is more effective on gram-positive bacteria than gram-negative ones; the ethanolic extract of propolis completely inhibits the growth of Staphylococcus aureus Staph. epidermidis partially inhibits the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli 6.
Effect of Essential Oil Extracted from Cupressus macrocarpa Leaves: Cupressus has traditionally been used for treating colds, flu, and rheumatism. It is considered a medicinal tree, as its dried leaves are used for stomach pain, as well as to treat diabetes, and its dried fruit is used to treat inflammation, toothache, and laryngitis and as a contraceptive and astringent. Also, the brunches of cupressus are used as antiseptic and antispasmodic.
The essential oil extracted from C. macrocaroa leaves treats rheumatism and whooping cough. A previous study found the high activity of C. macrocarpa essential oil against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa making it a good choice for preservative and therapeutic purposes. The surprising results showed that the essential oil extracted from C. macrocarpa had lower minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and higher efficacy than some third-generation antibiotics (Ceftriaxone, Cefuroxime, Nitrofurantoin and Colistin) 7.
Effect of Essential oil of Rosmarinus officinalis and Salvia officinalis: Rosmarinus officinalis and Salvia officinalis are widely used in folk medicine, cosmetics, and flavoring of food products. Furthermore, they are defined as very powerful aromatic plants, and their essential oils possess antimicrobial, antiviral, antifungal, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, and anticarcinogenic properties. The findings in a previous study showed that the MIC of Rosemary essential oil against P. aeruginosa was 0.78% (v/v), and the main compounds with antimicrobial effects in rosemary essential oil are 1,8- cineole, α-pinene, and camphor. Rosmarinus officinalis essential oil exhibited higher antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa than this Salvia officinalis 8, 9.
Effect of Taraxacum officinale on Peudomonas aeruginosa: Taraxacum officinale (dandelion) is a wild plant and can be planted, with both types contains good amounts of bioactive chemicals, chicoric acid, taraxasterol, chlorogenic acid, lactones, and vitamins. Roots have high phenolic compound content, making the extract effective against staphylococcus aureus and Peudomonas aeruginosa. According to a recent study, the root extract gave a specific efficacy of 17 mm inhibition diameter toward Pseudomonas aeruginosa which is known for its antibiotic resistance and the same strain was not sensitive to the reference antibiotic. The importance of these results stems from the possibility of extracting the roots of the plant to affect the Pseudomonas aeruginosa 10.
Effect of Citrus limon Peel Extracts on Peudomonas aeruginosa: Citrus peels are rich in flavonoid glycosides, coumarins, sitosterol, and essential oils, which can be extracted and added to several cosmetic and pharmaceutical products. Other active terpenes, alcohols, aldehydes and esters contribute to the overall antimicrobial effects of the essential oils. The antibacterial potential in crude extracts of different parts (leaves, stem, root, flower, and peels) of Citruslimon against clinically significant bacterial strains has been reported. Citrus flavonoids have a large spectrum of biological activity, including antibacterial, antifungal, antidiabetic, anticancer and antiviral activities 11. A previous research that studied the influence of Citrus limonoil in the virulence factors production and motility (swarming and swimming) of two Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains showed that Pyocyanin biosynthesis decreases until 64% and swarming motility of P. aeruginosa was completely inhibited by 2 mg mL−1 of lemon oils 12.
CONCLUSION: Many studies have been conducted to evaluate natural treatments against bacterial infections caused by multi-drug resistant bacteria. Due to the high resistance rate of P. aeruginosa strains, a lot of research showed be conducted to find new remedies and utilize nature to combat the P. aeruginosa virulence factors.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: The Author would like to thank the dean of faculty of pharmacy Dr. Mohammad Haroun for the support.
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST: The author declare they do not have any conflict of interest.
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How to cite this article:
Harfouch RM: Medicinal plants and Pseudomonas aeruginosa: is that the solution for antibiotic resistance. Int J Pharmacognosy 2023; 10(7): 353-55. doi link: http://dx.doi.org/10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.IJP.10(7).353-55.
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Rim M. Harfouch
Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tishreen University, Latakia, Syria.
rimharfouch@tishreen.edu.sy
10 July 2023
18 July 2023
25 July 2023
10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.IJP.10(7).353-55
31 July 2023