FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF POLYHERBAL MOSQUITO-REPELLENT DHOOP

FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF POLYHERBAL MOSQUITO-REPELLENT DHOOP

J. S. Yogesha *, T. Pavithra, G. Vishwas, M. Gowtham Gowda, S. Veerabhadrachari, Spoorthi, B. K. Usha and Saba Noorain

Department of Pharmacognosy, Bharathi College of Pharmacy, Bharathinagara, Mandya, Karnataka, India.

ABSTRACT: Mosquitoes are the major deadliest insects in the world which cause the number of vectors borne diseases (e.g., Dengue, malaria, Zika virus fever, yellow fever, west Nile fever, Japanese encephalitis) in human being. In present years, interest in plant-based products has been revived because of the development of resistance, cross-resistance and possible toxicity hazards associated with synthetic insecticides and their rising costs. Presently available mosquito repellent in the market is based on the chemical and they aretoxic against the skin and nervous system, thereby they cause skin rashes, swelling, eye irritation, and other health problems. So, to overcome these herbal products are more preferred than chemical-based mosquito repellents. Herbal materials belonging to different plant species and their mixtures have been seen to act as effective repellent against various mosquitoes and pests. The easy availability and less adverse environmental impact have led to the increased interest in plant origin repellants which are safe and biodegradable alternatives to synthetic chemical repellants for use against mosquitoes and pests. The easy availability and less adverse environmental impact have led to the increased interest in plant origin repellants which are safe and biodegradable alternatives to synthetic chemical repellants for use against mosquitoes. By performing dhoop, various airborne diseases may be prevented, and the product been easily available in remote area leading to its sterilization. The current work focuses on preparation and evaluation of natural and herbal dhoop formulation for cleansing the environment. Further research is warranted to explore the full spectrum of biological activities of the formulation, optimize its composition, and assess its long-term safety and efficacy in diverse environments.

Keywords: Mosquito repellent, Formulation, Evaluation

INTRODUCTION: Mosquito borne diseases such as malaria, dengue, yellow fever, filariasis and chikungunya are major health problems all around the world ¹. There are more than a hundred species of mosquitoes throughout the world that can act as vectors to transmit the different types of diseases in humans and other vertebrates ².

Over the past three decades, the encounter of humans with mosquito borne viruses (MBV) such as zika virus, Flavivirus, yellow fever virus, dengue virus and chikungunya virus to become frequent, and these viruses greatly expanded their distribution range, causing large epidemics, responsible for millions of human cases with significant morbidity and mortality ³.

A/C to the recent data provided by the WHO, 241 million cases of malaria were estimated in 2020, which resulted in more than 400,000 deaths due to this disease ⁴. As mosquitoes and diseases from them are spreading globally and affecting different regions, mosquito control and personal protection from mosquito bites is the major meaningful measure for controlling several life-threatening diseases transmitted by bites of blood-seeking mosquitoes. Proper selection and application of mosquito repellents are essential to reduce mosquito borne diseases. They are volatile chemicals which repel the mosquito in the opposite direction from its source ⁵. An ideal mosquito repellent should be effective, safe, non-toxic, and not produce any adverse effects when used in houses or applied to children, adults, and women during pregnancy ⁶.

Chemical repellents such as allethrin, dimethyl phthalate (DMP), IR3535 [ethyl butyl acetylamino propionate (EBAAP)], N, N-diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET) and picaridin and are utilized in most the commercially produced mosquito repellents. However, these repellents contain poisonous and harmful compounds and are non-biodegradable, which can hamper the ecosystem and cause various other health related issues ^{7, 8}.

So due to the above reason, the best alternative is to select plant-based mosquito repellents to control mosquitoes and treat mosquito-borne illness. The plant-based compounds are eco-friendly, species-specific, biodegradable and have lesser or no harmful effects on human beings ⁹. This formulation not only provides protection but also fills the environment with a pleasant aroma, making it a preferred choice for those looking to avoid chemical-based repellents. The introduction of such a natural mosquito repellent is a step forward in promoting health and wellness, ensuring safety from mosquito-borne disease while preserving the integrity of our ecosystem.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

Materials:

TABLE 1: THE DETAILS OF THE INGREDIENTS OF HERBAL DHOOP

Preparation of Herbal Dhoop: The plant powders and cowmilk and ghee were taken in a clean mortar and pestle and macerated finely. The cow dung was added to this mixture and again macerated finely to obtain a fine paste Table 1. A polythene sheet will cut into cone shape and fill the above mixture and compress it then remove the polythene cover and keep aside for drying up to four days in an oven at 50°C temperature and stored in an airtight container ¹⁰.

FIG. 1: FORMULATED DHOOP

RESULT AND DISCUSSION ¹¹:

1. Physical evaluation
2. Sensory analysis
3. Anti-microbial analysis
4. Mosquitos’ repellent activity
5. Flammability and burning time

Physical Evaluation:

TABLE 2: PHYSICAL PARAMETER AND THEIR OBSERVATION

Sensory Analysis: A survey also carried out in order to evaluate the acceptability of herbal dhoop among 15 peoples. Various parameters such as smell, appearance, smoke etc., was evaluated.

TABLE 3: SENSORY ANALYSIS MADE BY THE PEOPLE

Anti-microbial Analysis: The evaluation of antimicrobial activity was carried out by preparing nutrient agar plates in duplicates (2 sets of plates exposed in same area) each. One set from each area was exposed to dhoop for one hour. Later this plates along with those set of plates not exposed to dhoop were exposed to different areas and incubate at 37°C for 24 hrs in an incubator.

FIG. 2: EXPERIMENTAL SETUP FOR EVALUATING THE ANTI-MICROBIAL ACTIVITY

Mosquitos’ Repellent Activity: To evaluate the dhoop stick against mosquitos’ repellent activity. The repellency activity by the stick or dhoop to the mosquitoes shown successful result when burning in a bawn having mosquitoes and it explain that natural insecticidal preparation is always effective than synthetic repellent. During the burning of dhoop it was shown that 80% of the mosquitoes are killed.

FIG. 3: MOSQUITOS’ REPELLENT ACTIVITY

Flammability and Burning Time: The flammability and burning time of the dhoop was checked by burning dhoop. It was observed that the dhoop was burnt completely creating smoke and the burning time was 24 min ¹².

CONCLUSION: There poly herbal dhoop was prepared and evaluated. The main aim of present study is to cleansing the air and kill the mosquitoes. The above evidence that this dhoop can cleanse the air or environment and having the mosquito’s repellent activity. It can also create a positive environment and can also act as room purifier. This dhoop may serve as an alternative to the chemical-based dhoop sticks.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: Nil

CONFLICT OF INTEREST: Nil

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    How to cite this article:

    Yogesha JS, Pavithra T, Vishwas G, Gowda MG, Veerabhadrachari S, Spoorthi, Usha BK and Noorain S: Formulation and evaluation of polyherbal mosquito-repellent dhoop. Int J Pharmacognosy 2024; 11(10): 558-61. doi link: http://dx.doi.org/10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.IJP.11(10).558-61.

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