CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF ESSENTIAL OIL OF AZADIRACHTA INDICA A. JUSS ROOT FROM DIKKO, NIGER STATE, NIGERIA
HTML Full TextCHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF ESSENTIAL OIL OF AZADIRACHTA INDICA A. JUSS ROOT FROM DIKKO, NIGER STATE, NIGERIA
Samuel Ehiabhi Okhale * 1, Chukkol Ismail Buba 1, 2, Uzoamaka Angelina Ogbonna 1, 3 and Utibe Abasi Okon Ettah 1
Department of Medicinal Plant Research and Traditional Medicine 1, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Idu Industrial Area, P.M.B. 21 Garki, Abuja, Nigeria.
Department of Chemistry 2, Modibbo Adama University of Technology, Yola, P.O. Box 740, Jimeta, Adamawa State, Nigeria.
Department of Biochemistry 3, Federal University Ndufu-Alike Ikwo, P.M.B. 1010, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria.
ABSTRACT: Azadirachta indica (A. indica) belongs to the family Meliaceae. Various parts of the plant, including root, are used as a drug for various ailments, including malaria. The purpose of this study was to determine the chemical composition of essential oil (EO) of the root of A. indica collected from North Central Nigeria. The root essential oil of Azadirachta indica was obtained by using hydrodistillation method. Gas Chromatography, coupled to mass spectrometry, was used to analyze and determine the chemical composition of the essential oil. Mass spectra were searched against Mass Spectrometry databases, and twenty-eight components were identified. The main constituents citronellic acid (29.60%), 1-bromotriacontane (8.59%), totara-8,11,13-triene-7.beta.,13-diol (8.26%) and 4,8,12,15,15-pentamethyl-bicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-3,7-dien-12-ol (5.07%).
Keywords: |
Azadirachta Indica, root, Essential oil, Chemical composition
INTRODUCTION: Plants contain chemical substances known as phytoconstituents, which are naturally occurring products. Amongst the various classes of naturally occurring plant products, volatile oils make up an important class responsible for the essence and characteristic smell or odor of plants. This oil of essence is embedded in various parts of plants such as leaves, flowers, stems, herb, roots and seeds among others, occurring in the intracellular spaces of the plant tissues.
Essential oils have been harnessed for several medicinal purposes for many decades. Interest in aromatherapy of essential oils has increased in recent decades due to their health benefits. Essential oils find applications in pharmaceuticals, perfumes, cosmetics, soaps, cleaning products and as a flavor for foods and drink 1.
The genus Azadirachta has three species of plants with Indo-Malayan origin, characterized in detail 2. The genus Azadirachta belongs to a family known as Meliaceae which comprises 600 species in 52 genera. Azadirachta indica A. Juss commonly called neem tree is naturalized in most of the subtropical and tropical countries, native to India and distributed worldwide 3, 4. Plants in this genus exhibit pharmacological effects and are used in folkloric medicine for the remediation of various ailments. They have been applied in remedying headache, fever colds, malaria, general weakness and infections. A. indica possesses many medicinal activities such as immunostimulatory, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antipyretic, analgesic, hypoglycaemic, cardiovascular, antimicrobial, anti-malarial, anthelmintic, insecticidal, herbicidal, antifungal activities 5, 6. Insecticidal, anticancer and antimalaria terpenoids have also been obtained from the extracts of plants belonging to this genus 7, 8. Azadirachta is a rich reservoir of phytochemicals including polyphenols, phenolic acids, flavonoids, anthocyanins, diterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids and triterpenes 9, 10. The total flavonoid content of the root bark extracts of Azadirachta indica prepared using varying extraction techniques has been reported 11. The essential oil of A. indica flower contained α-cubebene, δ-cadinene, copaene, humulene and sesquiterpenes 12. Essential oil components of Azadirachta indica leaves included γ-elemene, trans-caryophyllene, hexadecanal, methyl linoleat, and germacrene-B among another compound 13.
Extracts from neem possess high medicinal values; they are used to cure a range of diseases. The bark extract of A. indica had the potential ability to control gastro-duodenal ulcers 14. The oil obtained from Azadirachta indica has ample beneficial effects including; mosquito repellant, insecticidal activity, tumor cells, cancers, etc. The injection of the extract obtained from neem leaves on solid cancerous tumors helps to limit growth and reduce the risk of the spread of the disease, especially skin cancer which response very well to the treatment with neem.
It has emerged as a highly potent bio-pesticide with the component azadirachtin responsible for pesticidal and antifeedant activities 15, 16, 17. A large number of biologically active compounds/ principles are present in A. indica including gedunin, azadirone, promeliacin, limonoids, vilasinin, C-secomeliacins, nimbin, azadirachtin, salanin and other non-isoprenoids as well as polysaccharides, sulphurous compounds protein / amino acids, polyphenolics such as flavonoids, tannins, coumarins, glycosides, dihydrochalcone, aliphatic compounds amongst others. Azadirachtin is reportedly to be the component with the most bioactivity in A. indica 18.
The neem seed oil can produce soap, even without being mixed with other fats because neem contains a little quantity of free fatty acids which results in a high saponification index and low index of acidity and indicates a high proportion of saponin. The essential seed oil of neem is made up of fatty acids, which oleic acid, linoleic acid, stearic acid, and palmitic acid are the four major components. It is also made up of amino acids, steroids, tocopherol, glycerides amongst others 19.
The phytochemical components of the seed oil of neem revealed gedunin, meliacin, and Mahmood in as major constituents 20, 21. There has been no reported information on the chemical composition of the root essential oil of Azadirachta indica (A. indica). Therefore, the objectives of the present are to identify the chemical composition of the root of Azadirachta indica collected from Northern Nigeria using Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS).
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
Plant Material: The underground parts of Azadirachta indica were collected in July from Dikko (a village in Niger State in Northern Nigeria), and consequent authentication carried out by a taxonomist at the Herbarium of the National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development (NIPRD), Abuja, Nigeria.
Isolation of Essential Oil: The volatile oil from the plant was obtained from fresh plant material by hydrodistillation method employing Clevenger-type apparatus. The extraction process took 4 h. To improve their essential oil recovery, n-hexane was used to take up the oil which was subsequently dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate to remove traces of water and then stored in a dark glass bottle properly sealed at the temperature 4 °C until GC-MS analyses. The yield of the volatile oil obtained was 1.2% (w/w).
Analysis of Essential Oil by GC-MS: The essential oil analysis was performed using a Shimadzu QP-2010 Gas Chromatograph coupled to Shimadzu QP-2010 plus mass detector and employing an HP-5 column (30 m length, 0.25mm ID, 0.25 μm stationary phase thickness). An electron ionization system, with ionization energy of 70 eV was employed for GC-MS detection.
Helium (99.999%) was the carrier gas, at a flow rate of 1.61 mL/min with the pressure of 100 Pa and split injection with a split ratio of 1:100. The gas chromatography conditions were set as the follows: column temperature, 2 min in 60 °C, 60-180 °C at 10 °C/min and 180-280 °C at 15 °C/min; held for 4 min in 280 °C; injector temperature, 250 °C, and 1.0 μL of volume injection of the essential oil. The mass spectrometry operating parameters were as follows: ionization potential, 70 eV; ion source temperature, 200 °C, interface temperature, 250 °C; solvent delay, 2 min; scan speed, 2 000 amu/s; scan range, 35-450 amu.
Identification of Compounds: The chemical constituents of the volatile root oil obtained from the neem plant was identified using their retention times and Mass Spectra library data (NIST 11). The percentage composition of the volatile oil was computed from the GC peak areas.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Essential oils are chemically characterized as complex mixtures of low molecular weight compounds which may possess flavors or aromas 22. The essential oil obtained from the root of Azadirachta indica was light yellow with an aromatic odor. The percentage oil yield of A. indica root was 1.2% (w/w).
FIG. 1: CHROMATOGRAM OF THE ESSENTIAL OIL OF AZADIRACHTA INDICA ROOT
TABLE 1: THE ESSENTIAL OIL CONSTITUENTS OF AZADIRACHTA INDICA ROOT
Peak# | Retention Time | Compound | % Composition |
1 | 8.341 | Citronellic acid | 29.60 |
2 | 10.333 | Clovene | 0.27 |
3 | 10.571 | α-Funebrene | 0.57 |
4 | 12.105 | Epiglobulol | 1.75 |
5 | 12.844 | α-cadinol | 0.72 |
6 | 12.952 | [-]-Globulol | 0.56 |
7 | 13.420 | Isolongifolen-9-one | 2.55 |
8 | 13.541 | Pentadecanal- | 0.58 |
9 | 16.036 | Cis,cis,cis-7,10,13-Hexadecatrienal | 2.34 |
10 | 16.199 | Benzenamine,4,5-dimethyl-2[4-pyridymethoxy]- | 0.97 |
11 | 16.708 | 1,3-Dimethyladamantine | 0.68 |
12 | 16.904 | Cembrene A | 0.64 |
13 | 17.428 | 5-methoxy-2-methyl-4-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1,10-phenanthroline | 0.36 |
14 | 17.721 | Phenanthrene | 2.17 |
15 | 17.820 | Myristyl alcohol | 0.28 |
16 | 18.712 | Bicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-3,7-dien-12-ol,4,8,12,15,15-pentamethyl- | 5.07 |
17 | 18.910 | Abietyl alcohol | 1.09 |
18 | 19.015 | 4,8,13-duvatriene-1,3-diol | 1.72 |
19 | 19.280 | 1-Bromotriacontane | 8.59 |
20 | 19.402 | 1,4-Dimethyl-8-isopropylidenetricyclo[5.3.0.0[4,10]]decane | 4.21 |
21 | 19.475 | Totara-8,11,13-triene-7.beta,13-idol | 8.26 |
22 | 19.608 | Ferruginol | 1.51 |
23 | 19.735 | Oleamide | 2.00 |
24 | 19.781 | Nimbiol | 1.88 |
25 | 19.849 | Fischer's aldehyde | 2.73 |
26 | 20.246 | Thunbergene | 1.45 |
27 | 20.438 | Sugiol | 1.36 |
28 | 22.738 | Farnesyl acetone | 0.06 |
Total | 83.97% |
The present work involved the isolation and GC-MS analysis of essential oil from the root of Azadirachta indica collected from North Central Nigeria. The fresh root of Azadirachta indica was hydrodistilled to obtain the essential oil (EO) using Clevenger apparatus. The chromatogram of the essential oil is shown in Fig. 1. Twenty-eight compounds were identified, representing 83.97% of the essential oil composition Table 1. Essential oils grouped chemically as complex mixtures of compounds with low molecular weight which may possess flavors and aromas 22. The essential oil prepared from the root of A. indica root extract was light yellow with an aromatic odor. The percentage oil yield of A. indica root was 1.2%. The present work deals with the isolation and GC-MS analysis of essential oil from the root of Azadirachta indica (A. Juss). The fresh root of Azadirachta indica was hydrodistilled to obtain the essential oil (EO) using Clevenger apparatus by hydrodistillation. Twenty-eight compounds were identified, representing 83.97% of the total oil composition.
Citronellic acid (29.60%), also known as 3,7-dimethyl-6-octenoic acid being the most abundant constituent in the essential oil from the root of Azadirachta indica is a well-known acyclic monoterpene carboxylic acid. Citronellic acid is a flavor and fragrance agent. It is an intermediate used in the commercial production of (S)-(+)-4-methyl-3-heptanone, an alarm pheromone found in three other ant genera of the subfamily myrmicinae and the principal alarm pheromone of the leaf-cutting ant Atta texana. (S)-(+)-4-methyl-3-heptanone is a component of the defensive secretion of the "daddy longlegs" Leiobunum vittatum (Opiliones) and is produced by the elm bark beetles Scolytus scolytus (F.) and S. multi-striatus 23, 24, 25, 26. Ferruginol is a natural phenol and a diterpenoid. Ferruginol also possesses antioxidant activity against linoleic acid oxidation under non-solvent condition 27.
α-Funebrene is a sesquiterpene. It is biologically active as an inhibitor of α-amylase, α-glycosidase inhibitor 28. Epiglobulol, a sesquiterpenoid, shows antibacterial activity in molecular docking studies against bacterial proteins 29. In a study, globulol, from Eucalyptus globulus Labill fruit belonging to the family Myrtaceae obtained by bioassay-guided isolation possesses antimicrobial activity 30. Nimbiol, an aromatic dicyclic diterpene, have been found to possess insecticidal activity 31. α-Cadinol is also a sesquiterpenoid that acts as an antifungal agent 32. Pentadecanal, a long chain fatty aldehyde has been confirmed to be an anti-biofilm molecule 33. Myristyl alcohol has been reported to have phagodeterrent effect on aphids 34. Oleamide has been confirmed to have anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activities 35. E, E-farnesyl acetone presented moderate antibacterial activity against Aeromonas sp. in study 36.
Sugiol is a diterpene, which has anti-inflammatory properties. Though sugiol shows a low inhibitory activity against the DPPH radical, it can reduce intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production effectively in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages 37. Cembrene diterpenoids are a large and structurally diverse group of naturally occurring products obtained from both marine and terrestrial organisms which strongly inhibits tumor promoters 38. The composition of the essential leaf oil of Azadirachtha indica revealed that the major components of the oil were: γ-elemene (20.8%) being the most abundant, germacrene-B (20.3%), trans-caryophyllene (13.5 %); hexadecanal (12.8%), and methyl linoleat (10.5%) 39. Kurose and Yatagai (2005) 40 studied components of the seed essential oils obtained from three species of Azadirachta. Seed oil components of A. indica were hexadecanoic acid (34.0 %), oleic acid (15.7%), 5,6-dihydro-2,4,6-triethyl-(4H)-1,3, 5-dithiazine (11.7%), methyl oleate (3.8%), and eudesm-7(11)-en-4-ol (2.7%).
The major components of A. siamensis seed oil were hexadecanoic acid (52.2%), tricosane (10.5 %), tetradecanoic acid (6.8%), pentacosane (4.9%) and oleic acid (4.9%). Seed oil from A. excelsa was more abundant in components such as oleic acid (31.3%), followed by hexadecanoic acid (14.2%), octadecanoic acid (13.0%), 4-octylphenol (9.7%), and O-methyloximedecanal (6.8%) as its major constituents. The essential oils of gotten from the seed of A. siamensis, A. indica and A. excelsa were found to contain fatty acids (52.6% - 72.3%) as major components. The minor components of the oils were n-alkanes, esters, nitrogen compounds, aromatics sulphur and terpenoids 40. Cis- and trans-3,5-diethyl-1,2,4-trithiolanes were identified as major components on analysis of neem seed oil obtained using steam distillation reported by Mubarak and Kulatilleke 41. Sesquiterpenes, fatty acids, fatty acid esters, steroids and hydrocarbons were identified from the hexane soluble fraction of the fresh flowers of neem (A. indica) plants. The flower essential oil of neem plant has also been obtained using steam distillation with the resulting volatile oil comprising mainly of δ-cadinene (9.43%) α-copaene (7.03%), humulene (3.7%), δ-cubebene (3.04%), and some sesquiterpenes. Globulol (0.65%) was found as one of its constituents 42, in the present study globulol was 0.56%. The stem essential oil of Aglaia odorata Lour yielded Germacrene D (20.3%), α-humulene (17.1%), α-himachalene (12.7%) and β-caryo-phyllene (10.2%) as the major components.
The leaf essential oil of Aglaia odorata Lout comprised linalool, hendecane, α-copaene, β-elemene, β-caryophyllene, α-humulene, aroma-dendrene, γ-cadinene, α-himachalene, δ-cadinene, β-guaiene, γ-gurjunene, γ-elemene, , β-elemene-9β-ol, β-humulene-7-ol, nerolidol, earyophyllenol-1, farnesol, β-santalol, elemol; none of these constituents was found in the present study 43, 44. The main compounds identified in the essential oil of Guarea kunthiana A. Juss were α-zingiberene (34.48%), β-sesquiphellandrene (22.90%), and α-curcumene (16.17%) 45. The essential oil of Cedrela odorata L. bark from S. Tomé and príncipe yielded majorly; α-copaene (14.4%), α-cadinol (11.2%), β-eudesmol (9.4%) and δ-cadinene (9.2%) 46.
Chemical components of essential oil of Toona sinensis (A. Juss.) Roem leaf from China, contained mainly caryophyllene (19.51%), humulen-(v1) (16.04%), himachala-2, 4-diene (5.71%), seychellene (4.82%), longifolene-(V4) - (4.42%), caryophyllene oxide (4.03%), and aristolene (3.18%); isolongifolene was found in the present study 47. The essential oil of Toona sinensis (A. Juss.) Roem roots contained majorly tridecane (15.54%), tetradecane (7.00%), 9-octadecenoic acid, methyl ester (6.19 %), 13-docosenoic acid, methyl ester (5.13 %), (Z,Z)-9,12-octadecadienoic acid (4.53 %), 1-hexadecyne (3.79%), and α-cubebene (3.07%); none of these constituents were found in the present study 48. GC and GC-MS analysis of the root volatile oil of Trichilia connaroides revealed the presence of β-chamigrene (31.1%) as the most bundant component followed by α-cadinol (7.5%), δ-cadinene (5.3%), cis-calamenene (5.6%), β-caryophyllene (3.5%), β-eudesmol (3.5 %) and occidentalol (3.0 %); α-cadinol (0.72%) was reported in the present study 49. The essential oil from the stem bark essential oil of Khaya grandifoliola were α-pinene (10.56%), limonene (1.25%), β-carophyllene (3.87%), β-pinene (7.80%), α-phellandrene (7.45%), and citronellol (5.10%); citronellic acid (29.60%) was reported in the present study 50. The essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation of Carapa guianensis Aubl. (Meliaceae) leaves contained bicyclogerma-crene (28.5%), α-humulene (17.2%), germacrene B (11.9%), and trans-beta-caryophyllene (9.9%) 51.
CONCLUSION: Essential oil of the root of Azadirachta indica analysed by GC-MS revealed 28 compounds with citronellic acid (29.60%) as the most abundant. Other major constituents were totara-8, 11, 13-triene-7.beta, 13-idol (8.26%), 4, 8, 12, 15, 15-pentamethyl- bicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-3,7-dien-12-ol (5.07%).
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: The authors are very much thankful to Mr. Dikko Bala, of the Department of Medicinal Plant Research and Traditional Medicine, NIPRD, Abuja, for collection of the plant material.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST: No conflict of interest.
REFERENCES:
- Sepahvand R, Delfan B, Ghanbarzadeh S, Rashidipour M, Veiskarami GH and Ghasemian-Yadegari J: Chemical composition, antioxidant activity and antibacterial effect of essential oil of the aerial parts of Salvia sclareoides. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine 2014; 7(S-1): S491-S496.
- Biswas K, Chattopadhyay I, Banerjee RK and Bandyopadhyay U: Biological activities and medicinal properties of neem (Azadirachta indica). Current Science 2002; 82(11): 1336-1345.
- El-Hawary SS, El-Tantawy ME, Rabeh MA and Badr WK: DNA fingerprinting and botanical study of Azadirachta indica Juss. (Neem) family Meliaceae Beni-Suef University Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 2013; 2(1): 1-13.
- Abdel-Hameed UK: Delimitation of Azadirachta indica Juss from Melia azedarach L. (Meliaceae juss.) based on leaf morphology. International Journal of Experimental Botany 2014; 83: 363-367.
- El-hawary SS, El-Tantawy ME, Rabeh MA and Badr WK: DNA Fingerprinting and botanical study of Azadirachta indica Juss. (Neem) Family Meliaceae. Beni-suef University Journal of Applied Sciences 2013; 2: 1-17.
- Shrivastava DK and Swarnkar K: Antifungal activity of leaf extract of neem Azadirachta indica Int J Curr Microbiol App Sci 2014; 3(5): 305-308.
- Dai J, Huang Z and Jiawei D: Bioactivity of azadirachtin and its field efficiency against Spodoptera litura. Ying Yong Sheng Tai Xue Bao 2005; 16(6): 1095-8.
- Paul R, Prasalad M and Nand KS: Anticancer biology of Azadirachta indica (neem) A mini review. Cancer Biology & Therapy 2011; 12(6): 467-476.
- Vasantharaj S, Sathiyavimal S and Hemashenpagam N: Phytochemical analysis and antibacterial activity of indica. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research 2013; 22(1): 59-61.
- Kiranmai M, Kumar MCB and Ibrahim M: Comparison of total flavonoid content of Azadirachta indica root bark extracts prepared by different methods of extraction. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences 2011; 2(3): 254-261.
- Linda HAJ and Okon SEO: Comparative study of the phytochemical properties of Jatropha curcas and Azadirachta indica plant extracts. Journal of Poisonous and Medicinal Plants Research 2014; 2(2): 20-24.
- Aromdee C and Sriubolmas N: Essential oil of the flowers of Azadirachta indica (Meliaceae). Songklanakarin J Sci Technol 2006; 28(1): 115-119.
- Dastan D, Pezhmanmehr M, Askari N, Ebrahimi SN and Hadian J: Essential oil compositions of the leaves of Azadirachta indica Juss from Iran. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plant 2010; 13(3): 357-361.
- Gnankalai K and Gopal R: Phytochemical constituents and in-vitro antibacterial activity of various extract of Azadirachta indica (neem). International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Research 2016; 8(3): 52-55.
- Gayathri NA: Beneficial effects of neem oil - An updated review. Journal of Pharmaceutical sciences and Research 2016; 8(8): 756-758.
- Ezzat HN, Abood SS and Hasan SAA: A review on the effects of neem ( indica) as feed additive in poultry production. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 2018; 6(1):1331-1333.
- Chaudhary S, Kanwar RK, Sehgal A, MCahill D, Barrow CJ, Sehgal R and Kanwar RR: Progress on Azadirachta indica based bio-pesticides in replacing synthesis toxic pesticides. Front Plant Science 2017; 8: 610.
- Pokhrel B, Rijal S, Raut S and Pandeya A: Investigation of antioxidant and antibacterial activity of leaf extracts of Azadirachta indica. African Journal of Biotechnology 2015; 14(46): 3159-3163.
- Djibril D, Mamadou F, Gerard V, Geuye MDC, Oumar S and Luc R: Physical characteristics, chemical composition and distribution of constituents of neem seed collected in Senegal. Research Journal of Chemical Sciences 2015; 5(7): 52-58.
- Ibrahim A, Nosano YM, Bernard L, Abdullahi Y, Maryfavour A and Mohammed G: Phytochemical properties and the in-vitro antibacterial activity of aqueous extract of neem ( indica) seed oil on human skin microflora. AAST Journal of Health 2017; 4(2): 17-21.
- Chauhan M, Mani P and Sharma TK: The antibacterial activities of neem ( indica) seed oil, a review. IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC). 2018; 11(5): 58-63. DOI: 10.9790/5736-1105015863.
- Pandini JA, Pinto FGS, Scur MC, Santana CB, Costa WF and Temponi LG: Chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of the essential oil of kunthiana. Brazilian Journal of Biology 2018; 78(1): 53-60.
- Okhale SE, Buba CI, Oladosu PO, Egharevba HO, Ugbabe GE, Ibrahim JA and Kunle OF: Chemical constituents and antimicrobial activity of the leaf essential oil of Garcinia kola Heckel (Clusiaceae) from Nigeria. American Chemical Science Journal 2016; 13(4): 1-7.
- Sharopov FS, Zhang H and Setzer WN: Composition of geranium (Pelargonium graveolens) essential oil from Tajikistan. American Journal of Essential Oils and Natural Products 2014; 2(2): 13-16.
- Nagpal N, Shah G, Arora NM, Shri R and Arya Y: Phytochemical and pharmacological aspects of Eucalyptus International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 2010; 1(12): 28-36.
- Enders D, Kipphardt H and Fey P: Asymmetric syntheses using the samp-/ramp-hydrazone method: (s)-(+)-4-methyl-3-heptanone. Organic Synthesis 1987; 65: 183.
- Saijo H, Kofujita H, Takahashi K and Ashitani T. Antioxidant activity and mechanism of the abietane-type diterpene Ferruginol. Nat Prod Red 2015; 29(18): 1739-43.
- Tyagi R, Shukla A, Shukla RK, Vats S, Tyagi C and Choudhary A: Chemical characterization and pharmacological evaluation of essential oil from leaves of tomentosa. International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Research 2017; 9(1); 141-149.
- Mohankumar, Raju S, Dharani J and Ravi S: Essential oil composition of Vitex negundo, acetylcholine esterase inhibition activity and molecular docking studies against bacterial proteins. J Pharm Sci & Res 2017; 9(10): 1677-1681.
- Tan M, Zhou L, Huang Y, Wang Y, Hao X and Wang J: Antimicrobial activity of globulol isolated from the fruits of Eucalyptus globulus Nat Prod Research 2008; 22(7): 569-75.
- Sadasivam SB and Thayumanayan: Molecular host plant resistance to pests. 2003; 326.
- Borg-Karlson AK, Norin T and Talvitie A: Configurations and conformations of torreyol (δ-cadinol), α-cadinol, T-muurolol and T-cadiol. Tetrahedron 1981; 37(2): 425-430.
- Casillo A, Papa R, Ricciardelli A, Sannino F, Ziaco M, Tilotta M, Selan L, Marino G, Corsaro MM, Tutino ML, Artini M and Parrill E: Anti-biofilm activity of a long-chain fatty aldehyde from Antarctic pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis TAC125 against Staphylococcus epidermidis Front Cell Infect Microbiology 2017; 7: 46.
- Ganassi S, Grazioso P, Cristofaro AD, Fiorentini F, Sabatini MA, Evidente A and Altomare C: Long chain alcohols produced by Trichoderma citrinoviride have phagodeterrent activity against the bird, cherry-oat Aphid Rhopalosiphum Padi Front Microbiol 2016; 7: 297.
- Idan SA, Al-Marzoqi AH and Hameed IH: Spectral analysis and antibacterial activity of methanolic fruit extract of Citrullus colocynthis using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. African Journal of Biotechnology 2015; 14(46): 3131-3158.
- Wahba HE and Khalid KA: Comparative study on essential oil composition in various organs of sodom apple (Calotropis procera) grown wild in Egypt. Asian Journal of Plant Sciences 2018; 17(2): 85-90.
- Chao KP, Hua KF, Hsu HY, Su YC and Chang ST: Anti-inflammatory activity of sugiol, a diterpene isolated from formosana bark. Planta Medica 2005; 71(4): 300-305.
- Mohamed-Elamir FH, Abdelsamed IE, Tarik AM, Hamed AR, Mahmoud AAI, Ohta S and Pare P: Cembrene diterpenoids with ether linkages from Sarcophyton ehrenbergi: An anti-proliferation and molecular-docking assessment. Marine Drugs 2017; 15(6): 192.
- Dastan D, Askari N, Ebrahimi SN and Pezhmanmehr M: Essential oil compositions of the leaves of Azadirachta indica Juss from Iran. Journal of Essential Oil-Bearing Plants (JEOP) 2010; 13(3); 357-361.
- Kurose K and Yatagai M: Components of the essential oils of Azadirachta indica Juss, Azadirachta siamensis Velton, and Azadirachta excelsa (Jack) Jacobs and their comparison. J Wood Science 2005; 51: 185-188.
- Mubarak AM and Kulatilleke CP: Sulfur constituents of neem seed volatiles: a revision. Phytochemistry 1992; 29: 3351-3352.
- Aromdee C and Sriubolmas N: Essential oil of the flowers of Azadirachta indica (Meliaceae). J Sci Technology 2006; 28(1): 115-119.
- Thammavong JS, Voravuthikunchai SP, Plodpai P, Mitsuwan W, Limsuwan S and Subhadhirasakul S: Chemical constituents and antimicrobial properties of the essential oil and ethanol extract from the stem of Aglaia odorata Nat Prod Res 2014; 28(23): 2169-2172.
- Zheng-kui L, Ying-fang H and Yu-hong G: Studies on the chemical constituents of the essential oils from the leaves of odorata L. Acta Botanica Sinica 2009; 26(1): 18-23.
- Pandini JA, Pinto FGS, Scur MC, Santana CB, Costa WF and Temponi LG: Chemical composition, antimicrobial and antioxidant potential of the essential oil of Guarea kunthiana Juss. 2018; 78(1).
- Martins AP, Salgueiro L, da Cun AP and Casanova J: Chemical composition of the bark oil of Cedrela odorata from S. Tomé and Príncipe. Journal of Essential Oil Research 2003; 15(6): 422-424.
- Congjin C, Yue L, Dankui L and Guoen Y: Chemical composition of Toona sinensis essential oil and DPPH scavenging activity of different fractions in ethanol extract of Toona sinensis from China. Research Journal of Chemistry and Environment 2013; 17(11):28-36.
- Yang SJ, Liu MC, Xiang T, Zheng L and Luo H: GC-MS analysis of chemical composition of the essential oil of Toona sinensis (A. Juss.) Roem roots. Asian Journal of Chemistry 2014; 26(10): 6683-6684.
- Agarwal G and Pant AK: Volatile constituents of Trichilia connaroides (Wright and Arn.) roots. Asian Journal of Traditional Medicines 2010; 5(5): 199-202.
- Falodun A, Siraj R, Qadir I and Choudhary MI: Chemical composition and insecticidal activity of volatile oil of Khaya grandifoliola. Medicinal & Aromatic Plant Science and Biotechnology 2009; 3(1): 61-63.
- Meccia G, Rincon PQ, Rojas LB and Elena TM: Chemical composition of the essential oil from the leaves of Carapa guianensis Collected from Venezuelan Guayana and the antimicrobial activity of the oil and crude extracts. Natural Products Communication 2013; 8(11): 1641-2.
How to cite this article:
Okhale SE, Buba CI, Ogbonna UA and Ettah UAO: Chemical composition of essential oil of Azadirachta indica A. Juss root from Dikko, Niger State, Nigeria. Int J Pharmacognosy 2018; 5(11): 717-23. doi link: http://dx.doi.org/10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.IJP.5(11).717-23.
This Journal licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non-commercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported License.
Article Information
4
717-723
603
774
English
IJP
S. E. Okhale *, C. I. Buba, U. A. Ogbonna and U. A. O. Ettah
Department of Medicinal Plant Research and Traditional Medicine, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Idu Industrial Area, P.M.B. 21 Garki, Abuja, Nigeria.
samuelokhale@gmail.com
11 September 2018
07 October 2018
20 October 2018
10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.IJP.5(11).717-23
01 November 2018