ASSESSMENT OF MANGIFERIN IN THIRTY VARIETIES OF MANGIFERA INDICA L. (ANACARDIACEAE)
HTML Full TextASSESSMENT OF MANGIFERIN IN THIRTY VARIETIES OF MANGIFERA INDICA L. (ANACARDIACEAE)
B. G. Sharma 1, D. Mammen 2 and S. Albert * 1
Department of Botany 1, Department of Chemistry 2, Faculty of Science, The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara - 390002, Gujarat, India.
ABSTRACT: Mangiferin content in aqueous extracts of 30 varieties of Mangifera indica leaves collected from Gujarat state of Western India has been estimated during this study, using a simple reverse phase HPLC-DAD analysis method. The proposed method has been validated according to ICH guidelines in terms of linearity, accuracy, intraday and interday precision, limit of detection and limit of quantitation. The calibration graph was found to be linear over a concentration range of 20-120 µg/mL, with a regression coefficient of 0.9943. Determination of accuracy by standard addition method at three different concentration levels returned a mean recovery value of 97.64%. Average intraday and interday precision values were found to be less than 2%.
Keywords: |
Mangiferin, Mangifera indica, HPLC
INTRODUCTION: Mangifera indica L. belongs to Anacardiaceae and is commonly designated as the “King of fruits.” It is an economically important fruit found throughout the world. Mango contains various classes of polyphenols, carotenoids, and ascorbic acid, which demonstrate different health-promoting properties, mainly from their antioxidant activities 1. The tree is large, spreading, evergreen, with a dense rounded or globular crown. The bark is thick, sometimes with longitudinal bursts containing a little yellowing, transparent gum resin like juice. The wood is reddish grey, often streaked, moderately hard, coarse-grained and soft in young trees and is readily eaten by insects. The tree has the power of healing the wounds by covering it with the rapid growth of the cork.
Leaves are simple, alternate, irregularly placed along the branchlets, sometimes remote and at other times (especially at the tips of the flowering branches) crowded, rather long-petioled, oblong-ovate to oblong-lanceolate, base acute to cuneate, narrowed, apex acute to acuminate, entire often with wavy margins, coriaceous, glabrous on both surfaces, leaf blade 10-32 cm, long, 2-9.5 cm, wide with resinous smell when bruised, pinnate nerved, distinctly reticulate veined, costa ronust, lateral secondary nerves numerous (12-13 pairs), conspicuous, yellowish green, prominent beneath and inarching near the margin, alternating with shorter intermediate nerves, young leaves violet (purplish yellow): petiole is terete, slightly thickened or swollen at the base, round, smooth, glabrous: mature leaves dark green.
Leaves are useful in numerous ways masticating to tone up the gums. Ash of burnt leaves is used as a household remedy for burns. They are also used as vegetables in Java and the Philippines. Mango leaves contain mangiferin which is an expectorant for cough caused by bronchitis, and also helps in preventing asthma.
Mango leaves are the main material sources for mango cough drops. It is effective in reducing fever, functions in tonifying the heart, diuresis, anti-melancholy, anti-inflammatory. In addition, mango has also been used as traditional medicine i.e. a bark infusion used in Samoa for mouth infections in children, mango leaves used as a remedy for treatment of relapse sickness in Tonga 2, in India 3, unripe fruit taken as a remedy for exhaustion and heat stroke, half-ripe fruit used for a treatment of gastrointestinal disorders, bilious disorders, blood disorders and scurvy, fresh leaves for treatment of diabetes, dried seed ground into flour for treatment of diarrhea, and bark extract for treatment of diarrhea and throat disorders 4. The total number of distinct mango varieties cultivated in India has been variously estimated at 500 to 1000, out of which around 210 varieties are considered important. The most cultivated varieties of Gujarat are Kesar, Alphonso, Rajapuri, and Pairi.
EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS:
Materials: Samples of M. indica leaf varieties were collected from Junagadh Agriculture University, Junagadh. The leaf samples were washed, shade dried for a day and then dried completely in an oven at 38 °C. The plant materials were coarsely powdered using a rotary grinder, sieved through BSS mesh 85, and stored in airtight plastic containers to be used for HPLC analysis. Mangiferin standard was procured from SIGMA, Bangalore, India (CAS no. 4773-96-0). HPLC grade acetonitrile and water were procured from Qualigens, Mumbai, India.
Extraction: Fine leaf powder (1 g) of each sample was weighed into an Erlenmeyer flask. Ethyl alcohol (25 ml) was added and the flask subjected to shaking for overnight extraction in an orbital shaker. The extract was filtered using Whatman No. 41 paper. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure, and the residue was reconstituted in HPLC grade water, making the total volume of 10 ml in a volumetric flask. Exactly 0.5 ml of this diluted extract was pipetted out into a 5 ml volumetric flask, and the volume was made up using HPLC grade water and used directly for HPLC analysis. All samples were filtered through a 0.45 μm Acrodisc syringe filter (Pall Corporation, Mumbai, India) before injection.
Preparation of Working Standards: Six concentration levels of mangiferin standard 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 and 120 μg/mL were prepared in HPLC grade water. These working standards were used for linearity study and preparation of calibration plot for quantization of mangiferin in the samples.
HPLC Analysis: HPLC analysis was carried out using a Shimadzu LC20AT series liquid Chromatograph equipped with a diode-array detector. The analytical column was a Phenomenex Luna C18 (250 × 4.6 lm; 5 μm) with a C18 guard column (Phenomenex, Torrence, CA). The mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile (solvent A) and 2% acetic acid in water (v/v) (solvent B). The flow rate was kept at 1.0 ml per min for a total run time of 30 min, and the gradient programme was as follows: 90% for 5 min, 90% B to 80% B in 16 min, 80% B to 0% B in 9 min and 0% B to 90% B in 5 min. A post-run of 10 min was set for reconditioning. The injection volume was 20 μl, and peaks were monitored at 254 nm. Peaks were identified by congruent retention times and UV spectra when compared with those of the standard. All samples were prepared and analyzed in duplicate.
RESULTS: Mangiferin is a phenolic compound and occurs in response to stress. It is abundant in mango leaves. The present study showed mangiferin ranged from 1 to 47 mg/g in thirty varieties of mango from Junagadh (table). Maximum mangiferin was recorded in Ladoo Fig. 2D followed by Jahangir Fig. 3D and the minimum amount was seen in Kaju Fig. 3F followed by Aambadi Fig. 3B.
In the present study, mangiferin was isolated from leaves of thirty mango varieties cultivated in Gujarat (table). Mangiferin content ranged from 1.04 to 47.02 mg/g of leaf powder, where varieties Batli (1.04 mg/g) Aambadi (4.79 mg/g), Khodi (7.15 mg/g), had lesser values as compared to Ladvo (47.02 mg/g), Jahangir (38.71 mg/g) and Jhamrukhiyo (35.27 mg/g). Other varieties ranged in between, which is given in the table. Mangiferin (2-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-1, 3, 6, 7 – tetrahydroxy xanthen – 9 - one) has significant pharmacological properties including antidiabetic 5, 6, antioxidant 7, 8, 9, antitumor 10, 11, 12, vascular modulatory 13, immunomodulatory, and antiviral activities 14, 15.
TABLE 1: QUANTIFICATION OF MANGIFERIN EXTRACTED FROM 30 VARIETIES OF M. INDICA
Sample number | Variety | Mean
Area |
Mangiferin in mg/g of leaf powder |
1 | Cowasji | 5418.767 | 17.49 |
2 | Batli | 3255.728 | 10.41 |
3 | Jhumakhiya 1 | 3001.696 | 9.50 |
4 | Sindoria | 5872.641 | 18.9 |
5 | Pairi | 4995.308 | 16.10 |
6 | Goto | 2671.695 | 8.40 |
7 | Jamadar | 3966.123 | 12.73 |
8 | Mulgoa | 6761.328 | 21.88 |
9 | Rucchado | 5038.654 | 16.24 |
10 | Ladvo | 14439.990 | 47.02 |
11 | Khodi | 2259.688 | 7.15 |
12 | Kesar | 5191.940 | 16.75 |
13 | Jhumakhiya2 | 4064.377 | 13.05 |
14 | Sopari | 8820.225 | 28.62 |
15 | Langdo | 3192.371 | 10.20 |
16 | Aambadi | 1541.022 | 4.79 |
17 | Asadiyo | 4118.159 | 13.23 |
18 | Neelam | 6664.538 | 21.57 |
19 | Badshahpasand | 9267.828 | 30.09 |
20 | Desi | 3852.857 | 12.36 |
21 | Dudhpedno | 5244.417 | 16.92 |
22 | Alphonso | 4804.176 | 15.48 |
23 | Rajapuri | 3244.844 | 10.37 |
24 | Fazli | 3292.698 | 10.53 |
25 | Jahangir | 11900.618 | 38.71 |
26 | Totapuri | 6846.395 | 22.16 |
27 | Jhamrukhiyo | 10849.272 | 35.27 |
28 | Kaju | 1133.178 | 3.46 |
29 | Amirpasand | 6661.742 | 21.56 |
30 | Gajariyo | 4407.681 | 14.18 |
FIG. 1: HPLC OF MANGIFERIN A) STANDARD (100 PPM), B) SAMPLE 1, C) SAMPLE 2, D) SAMPLE 3, E) SAMPLE 4, F) SAMPLE 5, G) SAMPLE 6
FIG. 2: HPLC OF MANGIFERIN. A) SAMPLE 7, B) SAMPLE 8, C) SAMPLE 9, D) SAMPLE 10, E) SAMPLE 11, F) SAMPLE 12, SAMPLE 13, SAMPLE 14
FIG. 3: HPLC OF MANGIFERIN, A) SAMPLE 15, B) SAMPLE 16, C) SAMPLE 17, D) SAMPLE 18, E) SAMPLE 19, F) SAMPLE 20, SAMPLE 21, SAMPLE 22
FIG. 4: HPLC OF MANGIFERIN, A) SAMPLE 23, B) SAMPLE 24, C) SAMPLE 25, D) SAMPLE 26, E) SAMPLE 27, F) SAMPLE 28, SAMPLE 29, SAMPLE 30
Other studies revealed antistress properties 16, anti-lipid peroxidation 17 and blood glucose control 18. In Cuba, the stem bark aqueous decoction is used as a nutritional supplement 19, and the standard aqueous extract is available in pharmaceutical formulations under the brand name Vimang and Salaretin 20. Mangiferin is highly distributed in higher plants. It can be found in many other plants like Coffea, Salacia chinensis and Anemarrhena asphodeloides 21.
DISCUSSION: Mangiferin in particular, detected at high concentrations in young leaves (Coite = 172 g/kg), in bark (Momika = 107 g/kg), and in old leaves (Itamaraka = 94 g/kg), shows an exceptionally strong antioxidant capacity 22. Studies concluded mango leaves as a natural source for phenolic compounds in the food and beverage industry 23.
Augustyn et al., (2011) compared mangiferin content present in mango leaf of three cultivars with that of honeybush (Cyclopia genistoides), an indigenous South African herbal tea used for its antioxidant property and other health benefits 24. Their results indicate that mango leaves may have more health benefits than honeybush tea. Jutiviboonsuk and Sardsaengjun, (2010) isolated mangiferin in three mango varieties cultivated in Thailand, out of which Nam Doc Mai showed a high amount of mangiferin 25. In Coffea plants, localization of mangiferin is found in association with the photosynthetic tissue and also found accumulated at early stages of fruit formation. Franklin et al., (2009) reported the presence of mangiferin for its antioxidant and antimicrobial properties along with plant defense against biotic stress. Mangiferin is a glycoside (2-β-D-glucopyranosyl-1, 3, 6, 7- tetrahydroxyxanthen-9-one, is the major component of mango leaves, fruit, bark and so on 26. Studies have shown that mangiferin has anti-oxidant, anti-bacterial, anti-viral, immune regulation and anti-tumor activity.
CONCLUSION: The present study demonstrated that the leaves of thirty mango varieties were interesting sources of the pharmacologically active C-glycosyl xanthone, mangiferin. From the percentage amount of isolated mangiferin, variety Ladvo was a good source of mangiferin.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: Nil
CONFLICT OF INTEREST: Nil
REFERENCES:
- Talcott ST, Moore JP, Lounds-Singleton AJ and Percival SS: J Food Sci 2005; 70: 337.
- Odyek O, Bbosa GS and Waako P: Antibacterial activity of Mangifera indica African Journal of Ecology 2007; 45(1): 13-16.
- Scartezzini P and Speroni E: Review on some plants of traditional Indian medicine with antioxidant activity. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2000; 71: 23-43.
- Bally ISE: Mangifera indica (mango), ver. 3.1. In: Elevitch CR, editor. Species profiles for Pacific island agroforestry. Hawaii: Permanent Agriculture Resources, 2006: 1-25.
- Garcia D, Leiro J and Delgado R: Mangifera indica extract (Vimang) and mangiferin modulate mouse humoral immune responses. Phytotherapy Research 2003; 17(10): 1182-1187.
- Miura T, Ichiki H and Hashimoto I: Antidiabetic activity of a xanthone compound, mangiferin. Phytomedicine 2001; 8(2): 85-87.
- Garrido G, Delgado R and Lemus Y: Protection against septic shock and suppression of tumor necrosis factor alpha and nitric oxide production on macrophages and microglia by a standard aqueous extract of Mangifera indica (Vimang) role of mangiferin isolated from the extract. Pharmacological Research 2004; 50: 165-172.
- Sanchez GM, Re L and Giuliani A: Protective effects of Mangifera indica extract, mangiferin and selected antioxidants against TPA-induced biomolecules oxidation and peritoneal macrophage activation in mice. Pharmacological Research 2000; 42(6): 565-573.
- Martinez G, Giuliani A and Leona OS: Effect of Mangifera indica extract (QF808) on protein and hepatic microsome peroxidation. Phytotherapy Research 2001; 15(7): 581-585.
- Leiro JM, Alvarez E and Arranz JA: In-vitro effects of mangiferin on superoxide concentration and expression of the inducible nitric oxide synthase, tumor necrosis factor-α and transforming growth factor β genes. Biochemical Pharmacology 2003; 65: 1361-1371.
- Sarkar A, Sreenivasan Y and Ramesh GT: β-d-glucoside suppresses tumor necrosis factor-induced activation of nuclear transcription factor KB but potentiates apoptosis. Journal of Biological Chemistry 2004; 279: 33768-33781.
- Yoshimin N, Matsunaga K and Katayama M: The inhibitory effects of mangiferin, a naturally occurring glycosylxanthone, in bowel carcinogenesis of male F344 rats. Cancer Letter 2001; 163 (2): 163-170.
- Beltran AE, Alvarez Y and Xavier FE: Vascular effects of the Mangifera indica extract (Vimang). European Journal of Pharmacology 2004; 499: 297-305.
- Dar A, Faizi S and Naqvi S: Analgesic and antioxidant activity of mangiferin and its derivatives: the structure-activity relationship. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 2005; 28(4): 596-600.
- Ribeiro SMR, Barbosa LCA and Queiroz JH: Phenolic compounds and antioxidants capacity of Brazilian mango (Mangifera indica) varieties. Food Chemistry 2008; 110: 620-626.
- Peng ZG, Luo J, Xia LH, Song SJ and Chen Y: Inhibitory effect of mangiferin on the proliferation of K562 leukemia cells. Journal of Guangxi Medical University 2004; 21(2): 168-170.
- Huang HY, Nong CZ, Cuo LX, Meng G and Zha: The proliferation inhibition effect, and apoptosis on BEL 7404 human hepatocellular carcinoma cell. Chinese Journal of Digestion 2002; 22(16): 341-343.
- Nong CZ, Cuo LX and Huang HY: Effect of mangiferin on the expression of -cartininand p 120 Ctn in hepatic tissues of rats with liver cancer. Journal of Youjiang Medical College for Nationalities 2003; 25(2): 143-146.
- Selles AJN, Catro HTV, Aguero-Aguero J, Gonzalez-Gonzalez J, Naddeo F, Simone De and Rastrelli L: Isolation and quantitative analysis of phenolic antioxidants, free sugars and polyols from mango (Mangifera indica) stem bark aqueous decoction used in Cuba as a nutritional supplement. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2002; 50: 762-766.
- Rivera DG, Balmaseda IH, Leon AA, Hernandez BC, Montiel LM, Garrido GG, Cuzzocrea S and Hernanadez RD: Anti-allergic properties of Mangifera indica extract (Vimang) and contribution of its glucosylxanthone mangiferin. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 2006; 58(3): 385-392.
- Campa C, Mondolot L, Rakotondravao A, Bidel LPR, Gargadennec A, Couturon E, Fisca PL, Rakotomalala JJ, Allemand CJ and Davis AP: A survey of mangiferin and hydroxycinnamic acid ester accumulation in coffee (Coffea) leaves: biological implications and uses. Annals of Botany 2012; 110: 595-613.
- Barreto JC, Trevisan MTS and Hull WE: Characterization and quantitation of polyphenolic compounds in the bark, kernel, leaves and peel of mango (Mangifera indica) Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry 2008; 56; 5599-5610.
- Elzaawely AA and Tawata S: Preliminary phytochemical investigation of Mango (Mangifera indica) leaves. World Journal of Agricultural Sciences 2010; 6: 735-739.
- Augustyn WA, Combrinck S and Botha BM: Comparison of mangiferin in mango leaf and honeybush infusions. Planta Medica 2011; 77- 81
- Jutiviboonsuk A and Sardsaengjun C: Mangiferin in leaves of three Thai Mango (Mangifera indica) varieties. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 2010; 6(3): 122-128.
- Franklin G, Conceição LF, Kombrink E and Dias AC: Xanthone biosynthesis in Hypericum perforatum cells provides antioxidant and antimicrobial protection upon biotic stress. Phytochemistry 2009; 70(1): 60-68.
How to cite this article:
Sharma BG, Mammen D and Albert S: Assessment of mangiferin in thirty varieties of Mangifera indica L. Int J Pharmacognosy 2017; 4(5): 169-53. doi link: http://dx.doi.org/10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.IJP.4(5).169-73.
This Journal licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non-commercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported License.
Article Information
3
169-173
570
1271
English
IJP
B. G. Sharma, D. Mammen and S. Albert *
Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, The M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, India.
drsusyalbert@rediffmail.com
10 February 2017
20 April 2017
25 April 2017
10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.IJP.4(5).169-73
01 May 2017