A BIRD’S-EYE VIEW ON MARINE BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS WITH POTENTIAL HEALTH BENEFITS
HTML Full TextA BIRD’S-EYE VIEW ON MARINE BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS WITH POTENTIAL HEALTH BENEFITS
M. A. Salunke * 1, B. S. Wakure 1 and P. S. Wakte 2
Vilasrao Deshmukh Foundation 1, Group of Institutions, VDF School of Pharmacy, Latur - 413531, Maharashtra, India.
University Department of Chemical Technology 2, Dr. Babasaheb Amedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad - 431004, Maharashtra, India.
ABSTRACT: Marine natural products are currently acknowledged as the most significant source of bioactive substances and medications with phenomenal biodiversity. Marine plants and creatures, for example, algae, bacteria, sponges, fungi, seaweeds, corals, diatoms, ascidians, are significant sources of the ocean and contain over 90% of the complete ocean biomass. Because of its exceptional biodiversity, the sea world is a rich common asset for some biologically active compounds. About half of the world's biodiversity is a marine organism; thus, the seas and oceans are viewed as the biggest repositories with an immense assortment of new substances and natural molecules of benefit. During the previous four decades, various novel compounds have been confined from a marine organism, and a large number of these substances have been appeared to have intriguing biologic potential.This review is an ongoing update of data about efficient marine eugicons (proteins, peptides, amino acids, fatty acids, sterols, polysaccharides, oligosaccharides, phenolic compounds, photosynthetic pigments, vitamins, and minerals) and spotlight on their potential health benefits. Accordingly, the work assessed so far in this paper is planned to give the baseline data to directing marine plant-based research with modest, safe, and incredible medications to challenge the lethal human disease.
Keywords: |
Marine flora, Bioactive compounds, Health benefits, USFDA approved marine drugs
INTRODUCTION: Marine floras, for example, bacteria, Actinobacteria, Cyanobacteria, fungi, microalgae, Seaweeds, Mangroves, and other halophytes are exceptionally significant oceanic resources, establishing over 90% of the oceanic biomass. The marine plant is taxonomically assorted, biologically active, and chemically unique 1. It is an extraordinary asset, which offers incredible opportunities for the revelation of new bioactive compounds with potential medical advantages 2.
The bioactivity of marine-inferred natural products is altogether higher than that of territorial origin compounds. For example, in the preclinical cytotoxicity screen at the National Cancer Institute, about 1% of the marine samples tried indicated anti-tumor potency, compared to 0.1% of the stable samples tested 3. Oceans are an exceptional archive of structurally and chemically novel bioactive compounds with unique biological attributes not normally found in terrestrial natural products.
Over 6% of the active compounds of marketable formulations are natural products or their synthetic subordinates or imitates 4. It is progressively perceived that the ocean contains an enormous number of natural products and novel chemical elements with extraordinary biological activity that can be helpful in the detection of potential drugs with greater efficacy and explicitness for the treatment of human illnesses 5. It cannot be denied that with 3.5 billion years of presence on earth and involvement with biosynthesis, the marine micro floras remain nature's best source of chemicals. The endeavors to extract drugs from the ocean began in the late 1960s. However, the orderly investigation started in the mid-1970s. During the decade from 1977 to 1987, about 2500 new metabolites were accounted for from a variety of marine organisms.
These investigations have unmistakably exhibited that the marine environment is an excellent source of novel chemicals, not found in terrestrial sources. Up until this point, in excess of 10,000 compounds have been separated from marine organisms with hundreds of new compounds are as yet being discovered every year.
About 300 patents on bioactive marine natural products were issued between 1969 and 1999 1. However, because of the absence of ethnomedical history engaged in comparing terrestrial populations, the development of marine floral compounds as therapeutic agents is still in their infancy, together with the technical troubles in gathering the marine floral samples.
Over the most recent couple of decades, critical attempts have been made by both pharmaceutical organizations and educational institutions, particularly for the introduction of new marine-derived, natural products from animal species. However, oceanic floras are just somewhat exploratory, and these works are reviewed as the reason for empowering further research in this area.
Compared with terrestrial organisms, marine life forms don't have a recognized history of utilization in conventional medication. However, in the last 50 years, advancements in new innovation and technology, such as scuba diving techniques, manned submersibles, and remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) have opened the marine environment for scientific exploration 6.
The concurrence of numerous species in these habitats of limited extent increases their compe-titiveness and multifaceted nature. For example, marine macroscopic organisms such as algae, corals, sponges and a variety of other invertebrates are in consistent fight and most of the species have evolved chemical means to defend themselves against predation or overgrowth by contending species, or on the other hand, to stifle motile prey species for ingestion.
These chemical adaptations by and large appear as ‘‘secondary metabolites,’’ and include such well-known chemical classes as terpenoids, alkaloids, polyketides, peptides, shikimic acid derivatives, sugars, steroids, and a multitude of mixed biogenesis metabolites 7. In this way, marine organisms have been demonstrated to be outstanding reservoirs of natural products, some of which have different structural characteristics in comparison to terrestrial sources.
Because of its phenomenal biodiversity, the marine environment is a vast and generally undiscovered source for new bioactive components of polyunsaturated fatty acids, polyphenols, sterols, proteins, sulfate polysaccharides, antioxidants, and pigments.
Chemical Diversity of Ocean: Thirty-four of the 36 known phyla are represented in the ocean. By comparison, the land has just 17 of the known phyla, with twelve phyla being solely marine. The ocean contains more than 200,000 described species of invertebrates and algae. Nonetheless, it is evaluated that this number is a small percentage of the total number of species that have yet to be discovered and portrayed 8.
Marine Bioactive Compounds: Attributable to its rich biodiversity, the marine environment is a tremendous and generally undiscovered source for new bioactive components derived from marine algae, coral reefs, marine herbs, marine sponges, marine fungi, seaweed and marine bacteria. In most recent five decades more than 20,000 compounds have been discovered from various marine organisms. Table 1 contains lists of the bioactive compounds isolated from various marine floras.
Potential Health Benefits of Marine Natural Compounds: The chemical uniqueness of marine organism-derived compounds has quickened drug discovery from those marine sources which have the highest probability of having novel molecules and intriguing biological activity 30. Marine flora is a productive source of bioactive constituents including polysaccharides, oligosaccharides, ter-penoids, steroids, alkaloids, polyphenols, and anti-oxidants 2. The different marine natural bioactive compounds with their potential health benefits are presented in Table 2.
TABLE 1: LISTS OF THE BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS ISOLATED FROM DIFFERENT MARINE FLORA
Source | Compounds Isolated | References |
Marine algae | Nitrogen-containing heterocyclics, kainic acids, guanidine | 9 |
Sulfated polysaccharides | 10 | |
Prostaglandins | 11 | |
Corals reefs
|
Cytosar-U | 12 |
Dolastatin | 13 | |
Sterols | 14 | |
Noncembranoidalditerpene (5-Episinuleptolide acetate) | 15 | |
Marine herbs
|
Sorbicillactone A and Sorbicillactone B | 16 |
Fucoidan | 17 | |
Stigmast-4-en-3-one, Stigmast-4, 22-dien-3-one | 18 | |
Lophocladine A & B | 19 | |
Marine sponges
|
Heteronemin | 20 |
Manzamine A, | 21 | |
8- hydroxymanzamine A | 22 | |
Marine fungi
|
A pimarane-type diterpenes, Scopararane I | 23 |
Varioloid A | 24 | |
Azaphilonidal, penicilazaphilones B and C | 25 | |
Secalonic acid D | 26 | |
Sea weeds | Dexcyanidanol, catechuic acid and trihydroxybenzoic acid | 27 |
Laminarin (β-1,3 glucan) | 28 | |
Marine bacteria
|
Quinine derivatives analogues like driamycin, daunorubicin, mitomycin C,streptonigrin, and lapachol,Anthroquinone family resembles parimycin, trioxacarcins and gutingimycin | 29 |
TABLE 2: DETAILS THE DIFFERENT MARINE NATURAL BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS WITH THEIR POTEN-TIAL HEALTH BENEFITS
Marine Natural Product | Bioactive Compounds | Source | Health Benefits | References |
Proteins | Chrysophsins major | Chrysophrys (pagrus) | Antimicrobial | 31 |
Peptides | Bonito | ACE inhibitor | 32 | |
Peptides | Sardine | ACE inhibitor,
Antioxidant |
33 | |
Parasin I,
Pelteobagrin Catfish |
(Parasilurus asotus,
Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) |
Antihypertensive
ACE inhibitor, Antimicrobial |
33 | |
Protein hydrolysates | Sargassum horneri | Antioxidant, Anticoagulant | 34 | |
FPH | Pacifichake (Merluccius productus) | Antioxidant | 35 | |
Peptides | Cuttelfish | Antihypertensive, Antioxidant | 36 | |
Lipids
|
Omega-3 PUFA (DHA and EPA) | Salmon | Anticardiovascular, Anti-obesity | 37, 38 |
Omega-3 PUFA (DHA and EPA) | Sardine | Anticardiovascular, Anti-obesity | 37, 38 | |
Omega-3 PUFA (DHA and EPA) | Undaria pinnatifida | Antiallergic | 39 | |
Polysaccharides
|
Polysaccharide
|
Cuttlefish (Sepiella maindroni,
Euprymn aberryi) |
Antimutagenic, Antimicrobial | 40 |
Chitin and chitosan
|
Crustaceans (shrimp, crab, crayfish) | Antimicrobial, Anticancer
Anti-inflammatory, Hypocholesterolemic |
41 | |
Fucoidan | Laminaria japonica | Anticoagulant, Antioxidant | 42 | |
Galactan | Codium fragile | Antiviral, Immunostimulating effect | 42 | |
Mannans | Nemalion helminthoides | Antiviral, Immunomodulatory effect | 24, 45 | |
Alkaloids
|
Axinella verrucosa
and Acanthella aurantiaca |
Marine sponges
|
NF-kappa B-specific inhibitors | 44 |
Convolutamydine A
ISA003 and ISA147 |
Marine
bryozoans |
Migration of leucocytes, and expression of COX-2, PGE2, iNOS, IL-6, and TNF- α in RAW 264.7 cells | 45 | |
Chaeto globosin Fex
|
Chaetomium globosum,
|
Suppresses IL-6, TNF- α and monocyte chemotactic protein-1(MCP-1) inLPS-stimulated peritoneal macrophages and RAW 264.7 cells. | 46 | |
Polyphenols
|
Phlorotannin sub-fraction
|
Fucus distichus
|
Reduces TNF- α, IL-10, MCP-1 and COX-2 expression | 47 |
Steroids /Sterols
|
Solomonsterol A
|
Theonella swinhoei
|
Inhibits the development of arthritis caused by anti-collagen antibodies in transgenic mice harboring a humanized PXR2. Solomonsterol A reduces the expression of the inflammatory markers TNF- α , IFN-γ and IL-17 and chemokines MIP1- α and RANTES, which reduces the inflammatory response | 2 |
Pregnane-type steroids | Seleronephthya gracillimum | Anti-inflammatory activity | 2 | |
Ergosta-7, 22-dien-3-ol | Marthasterias glacialis | Anti-inflammatory activity | 48 |
US - FDA Approved Drugs from Marine Origin: Regardless of significant difficulties, some marine compounds landed in the market and are currently used in treatment, providing a useful roadmap for future translational efforts. It has been about five decades since the segregation of spongothimidin and spongoridine from the marine sponge Tethyacrypta by Bergman that in the end prompted the advancement of Ara‑C (cytarabine, an anti-leukemia agent) and Ara‑A (vidarabine, an antiviral agent), agents which received United States-Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) approval in 1969 and 1976, respectively. After the approval of Ara‑C and Ara‑A as therapeutics, it was not until 2004 that the next MNP would be approved, ziconotide (Prialt1), for the treatment of severe chronic pain. This was soon followed by the orphan drug status granted to trabectedin for the treatment of soft‑tissue sarcomas and ovarian cancer, and its enlistment in 2007 in the EU for the treatment of soft-tissue sarcoma. To date, the worldwide marine pharmaceutical pipeline comprises of seven endorsed drugs from the marine source in clinical use, four of which are anticancer medications. Regardless, after various extended lengths of research basically by the educational system and sporadic association of significant pharmaceutical organizations, only a few MNP were endorsed. As demonstrated by the latest data, the USFDA endorsed medications of the marine source right now being promoted are enlisted in Table 3.
TABLE 3: UNITED STATES-FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION APPROVED DRUGS OF MARINE ORIGIN 8
Compound Name | Marine Organism | Molecular Target | Indication | Approval Date |
Trabectedin | Tunicate | DNA (minor groove) | Soft tissue sarcoma and ovarian cancer | October 23, 2015 |
Brentuximabvedotin | Mollusk/
cyanobacteria
|
CD30, microtubules | Anaplastic large T‑cell systemic
malignant lymphoma, Hodgkin’s disease |
August 19, 2011 |
Eribulinmesylate | Sponge | Microtubules | Metastatic breast cancer | November 15, 2010 |
Omega‑3‑acid ethyl esters | Fish | Triglyceride‑
producing enzymes |
Hypertriglyceridemia | November 10, 2004 |
Ziconotide | Cone snail | DNA polymerase | Severe and chronic pain | December 28, 2004 |
Vidarabine | Sponge | Viral DNA polymerase | Herpes simplex virus infection | 1976 current status: Discontinued |
Cytarabine | Sponge | DNA polymerase | Leukemia | 1969 |
Uniqueness of Marine Natural Products: Natural products represent validated beginning stages for drug discovery since they occupy biologically significant chemical space. There is an expanding requirement for novel therapeutics, particularly due to the existence of currently incurable diseases as well as rising microbial resistance to current therapeutics. The marine environment covers 70% of the earth’s surface, is characterized by unique growth conditions, and encloses monstrous biodiversity. Biodiversity presumably delivers chemo diversity as well, giving more extensive opportunity for finding novel therapeutics with novel mechanisms of action.
Staggering Opportunities for Marine Drug Discovery: Marine natural products demonstrated their adequacy against a wide array of diseases, with some possessing novel mechanisms of action and others being the most strong among their inhibitor classes. Currently, there are four marine-derived drugs on the market and 12 more in different phases of clinical trials. Innovations in several fields beat the obstacles related to marine drug discovery and development. Advancements in several procedures, for example, sampling techniques, nanomole structure determination as well as genome sequencing and mining, upgrade the effectiveness of exploring marine samples for novel therapeutics. Several advanced strategies end up being effective in defeating the supply problem, including total chemical synthesis and microbial fermentation, as well as molecular biology tools. Numerous compounds at different phases of development that effectively use those innovations highlight marine natural products as a new wave of drugs.
CONCLUSION: Marine environment produces a distressing condition where inhabitants adapt to survive. A large portion of the survivors is rich in secondary metabolites, which are restoratively useful. Among the marine organisms, numerous unrefined extracts, improved fractions, and compounds obtained shown fascinating potential medical advantages along the years. These effects are mediated by compounds from different chemical classes including polysaccharides, ter-penoids, phenolic compounds, sterols, carotenoids, alkaloids, and fatty acids.
Owing to a diverse chemical ecology, marine floras are a potential source of bioactive compounds; however, they are least explored. Regardless of the unprecedented potential for sourcing new prescriptions from marine natural products, very few compounds have actually been utilized for treatment. Thus, endeavors should be made to develop marine functional compounds responsibly since their consumption could result in a decrease of the occurrence and gravity of chronic diseases. In order to meet the growing need for a wide range of pharmaceuticals, marine sources have a great promise for providing potent, cheaper and safer drug candidates for solving our most medical problems and which deserve further extensive exploration. This review takes bird’s eye-view on marine anticancer compounds both known and as yet undiscovered, which hold answers to some of our biological queries and much more may be anticipated in near future.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: This work was supported by University Department of Chemical Technology, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurnagabad and Vilasrao Deshmukh Foundation, Group of Institutions, Latur, Maharashtra, India
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST: The author(s) declare that there are no conflicts of interest.
REFERENCES:
- Boopathy NS and Kathiresan K: anticancer drugs from marine flora. an overview. J Oncol 2010; 1-18.
- Ahmad B, Shah M and Choi S: Oceans as a Source of Immunotherapy. Mar Drugs 2019; 17(5): 282.
- Munro MHG, Blunt JW and Dumdei EJ: The discovery and development of marine compounds with pharmaceutical potential. Progress in Industrial Microbiology 1999; 70: 15-25.
- Cragg GM and Newman DJ: Biochimica ET biophysica acta natural products : a continuing source of novel drug leads. BBA - Gen Subj 2013; 1830: 3670-95.
- Haefner B: Drugs from the deep. Marine Natural 2003; 8: 536-44.
- Alves C: From marine origin to therapeutics. The Antitumor Potential of Marine Algae-Derived Compounds 2018; 9: 1-24.
- Simmons TL, Andrianasolo E, Mcphail K, Flatt P and Gerwick WH: Minireview marine natural products as anticancer drugs 2005; 4: 333-43.
- Kanase HR and Singh KNM: Marine pharmacology. Potential Challenges and Future in India 2018; 38: 49-53.
- Kim S and Van TQ: Potential Beneficial Effects of Marine Algal Sterols on Human Health. In: Marine Medicinal Foods. Vol 64. 1st Elsevier Inc.; 2011; 191-98.
- Go E, Jime A and Rupe P: Seaweed as a source of novel nutraceuticals. Sulfated Polysaccharides and Peptides 2011; 64: 325-37.
- Illijas M, Nasir A and Dahlia D: The capability of the red seaweed Gracilaria vermiculophylla in producing prostaglandins 2019; 0-21.
- Gomes NGM, Dasari R, Chandra S, Kiss R and Kornienko A: Marine invertebrate metabolites with anticancer activities. Solutions to the Supply Problem doi: 10.3390/ md14050098.
- Pettit GR, Hogan F and Toms S: NIH Public Access 2012; 74: 96268.
- Mag P, Byju K, Anuradha V, Vasundhara G and Nair SM: In-vitro and in-silico studies on the anticancer and apoptosis inducing activities of the sterols identified from the soft coral, Subergorgia reticulate 2014; 10: 65-72.
- Huang K: 5-Episinuleptolide Acetate, a Norcembranoidal Diterpene from the Formosan Soft Coral Sinularia sp. Induces Leukemia Cell Apoptosis Through Hsp 90 Inhibition 2013; 2924-33.
- Bringmann G: Large-Scale Biotechnological Production of the Antileukemic Marine Natural Product Sorbicillactone A 2007; 23-30.
- Aisa Y: Fucoidan Induces Apoptosis of Human HS-Sultan Cells Accompanied by Activation of Caspase-3 and Down-Regulation of ERK Pathways 2005; 14: 7-14.
- Wang ZZ, Li J, Tang XL and Li GQ: Triterpenes and steroids from semi-mangrove plant Hibiscus tiliaceus. Chin J Nat Med 2011; 9: 190-92.
- Gross H: Lophocladines, Bioactive Alkaloids from the Red Alga Lophocladia sp 2006; 640-44.
- Wu SY, Sung PJ, Chang YL, Pan SL and Teng CM: Heteronemin, a spongeansesterterpene, induces cell apoptosis and autophagy in human renal carcinoma cells. BioMed Research International 2015. doi: 10.1155/2015 /738241.
- Sakai R, Higa T, Jefford CW and Bernardinelli G: Manzamine a Novel Antitumor Alkaloid from a Sponge. 1986; 6405: 6404-05.
- Ichiba T and Corgiat JMPS: 8-Hydroxymanzamine A, A P-Carboline Alkaloid from a Sponge, Pachypellzna Sp. J. Nat Prod 1994; 57: 168-70.
- Liu H: Cytotoxic pimarane-type diterpenes from the marine sediment-derived fungus Eutypella sp 2016; 6419.
- Zhang P: Varioloid a new indolyl-6, 10b-dihydro-5a H - 1 benzo- furo [2, 3-b] indole derivative from the marine alga-derived endophytic fungus Paecilomyces variotii EN-291. 2012; 2012-18.
- Deshmukh SK, Prakash V and Ranjan N: Marine Fungi. A Source of Potential Anticancer Compounds 2018; 8: 1-24.
- Taylor P: Secalonic acid D induced leukemia cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest of G 1 with involvement of GSK-3 β / β -catenin / c-Myc pathway 2009; 37-41.
- Yoshie Y, Wang W, Hsieh Y and Suzuki T: Compositional difference of phenolic compounds between two seaweeds, Halimeda spp J Tokyo Univ Fish 2002; 88: 21-24.
- Holdt SL and Kraan S: Bioactive compounds in seaweed : functional food applications and legislation 2011; 543-97.
- Ravikumar S, Fredimoses M and Gnanadesigan M: Anticancer property of sediment actinomycetes against MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2012; 2: 92-96.
- Bermejo P: Bioactive Natural Products from Marine Sources 2001; 25: 683-55.
- Fulmer PA, Lundin JG and Wynne JH: Development of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) for use in self-decontaminating 2010; 2: 1266-70.
- Stanton C: Bioactive peptides from muscle sources. Meat and Fish 2011; 765-91.
- Najafian L and Babji AS: Peptides A review of fish-derived antioxidant and antimicrobial peptides : Their production, assessment and applications. Peptides 2012; 33:178-85
- Harnedy PA and Fitzgerald RJ: Bioactive proteins, peptides and amino acids from macroalgae. Journal of Phycology 2011; doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2011.00969.x.
- Amaranayaka ANGPS, Itts DADK and Han EUCYLI: Antioxidative and angiotensin-i-converting enzyme inhibi-tory potential of a pacific hake (merluccius productus) fish protein hydrolysate subjected to Simulated Gastrointestinal Digestion and Caco-2 Cell Permeation 2010; 1535-42.
- Amado IR, Vázquez JA, González MP. & and Murado M: A. Production of antihypertensive and antioxidant activities by enzymatic hydrolysis of protein concentrates recovered by ultra filtration from cuttlefish processing wastewaters. Biochem Eng J 2013; 76: 43-54.
- Li J, Huang CJ and Xi D: Review Anti-obesity effects of conjugated linoleic acid, docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid 2008; 631-45.
- Rasmussen RS and Morrissey MT: Marine Biotechnology for Production of Food Ingredients 2007; 52: 237-92.
- Vo T, Ngo D and Kim S: Marine algae as a potential pharmaceutical source for anti-allergic therapeutics. Process Biochem 2012; 47: 386-94.
- Ye P: Structure and neuroprotective effect of polysaccharide from viscera autolysates of squid 2019; doi: 10.3390/md17030188.
- Mayakrishnan V, Bakrudeen A and Ahmed A: Cardio-protective activity of polysaccharides derived from marine algae: an overview. Tren Food Sci Tech 2013; 30: 98-104.
- Wijesekara I, Pangestuti R and Kim S: Biological activities and potential health benefits of sulfated polysaccharides derived from marine algae. Carbohydr. Polym 2011; 84: 14-21.
- Pérez-recalde M, Matulewicz MC, Pujo CA and Carlucci MJ: International Journal of Biological Macromolecules in-vitro and in-vivo immunomodulatory activity of sulfated polysaccharides from red seaweed Nemalion helminthoides. Int J Biol Macromol 2014; 63: 38-42.
- Skropeta D, Pastro N and Zivanovic A: Kinase Inhibitors from Marine Sponges 2011; 2131-54.
- Fernandes PD, Zardo RS, Figueiredo GSM, Silva BV and Pinto AC: Anti-inflammatory properties of convolutamy-dine and two structural analogues. Life Sci 2014; 116: 16-24.
- Ou HD: Chaetoglobosin Fex from the Marine-Derived Endophytic Fungus Inhibits Induction of Inflammatory Mediators via Toll-Like Receptor 4 Signaling in Macrophages 2011; 34: 1864-73.
- Catarino MD and Silva AMS: Phycochemical Constituents and Biological Activities 2018 doi: 10.3390/md16080249.
- Pereira DM, Correia-da-silva G and Andrade PB: Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Unsaturated Fatty Acids and Ergosta-7, 22-dien-3-ol from Marthasterias glacialis: Prevention of CHOP-Mediated ER-Stress and NF- k B Activation 2014; 9.
How to cite this article:
Salunke MA, Wakure BS and Wakte PS: A bird’s-eye view on marine bioactive compounds with potential health benefits. Int J Pharmacognosy 2020; 7(9): 217-22. doi link: http://dx.doi.org/10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.IJP.7(91).217-22.
This Journal licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non-commercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported License.
Article Information
1
217-222
624
337
English
IJP
M. A. Salunke *, B. S. Wakure and P. S. Wakte
Vilasrao Deshmukh Foundation, Group of Institutions, VDF School of Pharmacy, Latur, Maharashtra, India.
mohinisalunke82@gmail.com
23 April 2020
23 August 2020
29 August 2020
10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.IJP.7(9).217-22
01 September 2020