PHLORIZIN: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF ITS PHARMACOLOGY, MECHANISMS, AND THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL

A naturally occurring dihydrochalcone glycoside, Phlorizin, is mostly found in apple tree species and other Rosaceae family members. Its diverse range of biological actions, including antidiabetic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, nephroprotective, neuroprotective, and anti-obesity properties, has garnered significant scientific attention. The creation of contemporary SGLT2 inhibitor medications used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus was made possible by phlorizin, which is historically acknowledged as the first inhibitor of sodium–glucose cotransporters (SGLTs) to be discovered. Phlorizin has strong pharmacological activity; however, its fast hydrolysis and poor oral bioavailability limit its therapeutic use. Phlorizin’s chemical structure, physicochemical characteristics, biosynthesis, extraction methods, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, mechanisms of action, therapeutic potentials, toxicity profile, formulation strategies, and future research are all covered in detail in this study. This study provides a comprehensive overview of phlorizin, including its chemical structure, physicochemical properties, biosynthesis, extraction techniques, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, mechanisms of action, therapeutic potentials, toxicity profile, formulation strategies, and future research prospects. Consolidating existing knowledge and highlighting phlorizin’s translational potential in pharmaceutical and biomedical sciences are the goals of this review.