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ISSN (Print): 2394-5583

International Journal Of Pharmacognosy

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NATURAL AND HERBAL STRESS REMEDIES: A REVIEW

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NATURAL AND HERBAL STRESS REMEDIES: A REVIEW

Aleza Rizvi * 1, Anuradha Mishra 1, Abbas Ali Mahdi 2, Mohd. Ahmad 2 and Abdul Basit 2

Faculty of Pharmacy 1, Integral University, Lucknow - 226026, Uttar Pradesh, India.

Department of Biochemistry 2, King George Medical University, Lucknow - 226003, Uttar Pradesh, India.

ABSTRACT: The normal steady state of the human body’s organ and tissue function is termed as homeostasis. One significant factor that may cause an upset to homeostasis is stress. It is a fundamental part of living that can have both positive and negative effects on an individual’s health. Stress is not a medical diagnosis, but severe stress that continues for a long time may lead to a diagnosis of depression or anxiety, or more severe mental health problems. According to the WHO survey out of every three persons in the world one person affecting with the stress. There are various interventions for mind-body healing. Certain psychological mind-body therapies are effective in reducing stress. Nurses can use these interventions in their daily practice to help patients alleviate their stress, as well as enable them to recover successfully from stress-related problems. Prescription anxiety medications dull anxiety and the brain too much, and make it much harder to learn to cope with stress, while herbal and natural remedies keep your mind intact for learning to control stress and anxiety symptoms. Nature has bestowed our country with an enormous wealth of antistress plants. Some medicinal antistress plants are Coccinia indica, Butea frondosa, Cuminum cyminum, etc. The aim of this review is a comprehensive selection of the herbs that may be effective for treating stress, as well as specific anxiety symptoms. It includes the herbs that are effective for stress itself, as well as several herbal remedies that are perfect for issues related to stress.

Keywords:

Anti-stress, Medicinal plants, Mind-body therapies, W.H.O

INTRODUCTION: Stress is a common phenomenon that is experienced by every individual 1. When stress becomes extreme, it is harmful to the body, and hence to be treated. Stress is involved in the pathogenesis of a variety of diseases that includes psychiatric disorders such as depression and anxiety, immunosuppression, endocrine disorders including diabetes peptic ulcer, hypertension, cognitive dysfunction, and ulcerative colitis 2.

Stress has close connections with various dysfunctions of the body. It is a response of the body to the diverse aversive assaults, which threaten internal homeostasis. It is known to alter the physiological homeostasis of the organism and results in the breakdown of integrated adaptational processes in response to extreme environmental stimulus 3. The body reacts to such a situation by eliciting various autonomic, endocrinal and visceral responses in a variety of situations, e.g. release of hormones like cortisol and adrenalin 4.

Disruptions of gastric mucosal integrity have been reported during stress. Both peripheral and central mechanisms seem to regulate these changes. These lead to an increased heart rate, B.P., and metabolic rate, all intended to increase the overall performance and ability of the body to overcome the challenge. But beyond the threshold, these factors can be damaging 5. Stress has been postulated to be involved in the pathogenesis of a variety of diseased states, for, e.g., psychiatric disorders like depression and anxiety, immuno-suppression, endocrine disorders including diabetes mellitus, male impotence, cognitive dysfunction, peptic ulcer, hypertension, and ulcerative colitis 6.

In other words, stress is the body’s reaction to any stimuli that disturb its equilibrium. When the equilibrium of various hormones has altered the effect of these changes can be detrimental to the immune system. A stressful event can trigger the "fight-or-flight" response, causing hormones such as adrenaline and cortisol to surge through the body. A little bit of stress, known as "acute stress," can be exciting-it keeps us active and alert. But long-term, or "chronic stress," can have detrimental effects on health. You may not be able to control the stressors in your world, but you can alter your reaction to them 7, 8.

Herbal formulations have been in use for many years not only in Asian countries but also globally humans well being. They claimed to enhance physical endurance, mental functions. The potential utility of safer and cheaper herbal medicines as anti-stress agents have been reported as they can withstand stress without altering the physiological functions of the body 9.

Appraisal of Stressors: It must be pointed out that stress alone does not necessarily determine how well or poorly the immune system will function. The important factor is the individual’s ability to cope with stress. How an individual perceives a stressful event may be more important than the existence of the stress itself. Individuals with high-stress levels and excellent coping skills may have minimal effects on the functioning of their immune systems.

A low level of stress in individuals who have poor coping skills may have significant alterations in their immune functioning, increasing their susceptibility to disease. The actual amount of stress is not important for determining its effect on the immune system. An individual’s coping skills are an important factor for determining the immune system’s response to stress Fig. 1. 10

FIG. 1: APPRAISAL OF STRESSORS

The Effect of Stress on the Immune System: The stress hormones released by the adrenals during episodes of fear and anxiety also affect white blood cells, the infection-fighting army within our blood. Initially, the surge of the brain and adrenal hormones that accompanies stress causes an increase in circulating white blood cells. When cortisol remains high, however, white blood cell numbers are reduced. As stress, anxiety, or depression continue unabated over weeks or months, the output of the adrenal hormone cortisol is consistently high and white blood cell numbers remain reduced 11.

TABLE 1: SOME IMPORTANT HERBAL DRUGS TO REDUCE STRESS

S.

no.

 Plants

name

 Common

name

 Chemical

constituents

 Pharmacological

uses
1. Moringa oleifera Drumstick Palmitic , stearic acid, saponins,

glycoside, gum, protein Vitamins: A, B1, B2, B3, C  Minerals: calcium, iron, phosphorus, magnesium, pterygospermin, moringine

and moringinine12

 Antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, anti-fertility,

hepatoprotective, antioxidant, cardiovascular, antiepileptic, antiasthamatic,  antidiabetic, diuretic, CNS, analgesic, antiulcer 12
2. Butea frondosa Palash Tannic and gallic acids. Palasonin,

sitosterol, amyrin, monospermin,

lectins and lactone. The alkaloid palasonin.

Seeds: Glycerides of palmitic, lignoceric,

oleic and linoleic acids.

Flower: monospermin, butrin and isobutrin 13

 Antidiabetic, hepatoprotective,

anti-inflammatory, anticonvulsant,  antidiarrhoeal,  antihelmintic, antioxidant 14 aphrodisiac,15 antifilarial,16 antistress,17 antiobessity18
3. Ocimun bacilicum Tulsi,

Basil

 Leaves: eugenol, eugenal, carvacrol, methylchavicol, limatrol and caryophylline. Steroid ursolic acid and n-triacontanol. Seeds:  Fatty acids and sitosterol. Roots: sitosterol and three triterpenes A, B,

and C19

 Antioxidant, antimicrobial, cytotoxic, nematicidal, immunomodulatory,

anti-inflammatory, muscle relaxant, analgesic, CNS, antiprotozoal

activity 20
4. Centella asiatica Indian pennywort Pentacyclic triterpenoids: asiaticoside, brahmoside, asiatic acid, and brahmic, centellose, centelloside, and madecassoside21 Adaptogen, antibacterial, antiviral,

anti-inflammatory, antiulcerogenic, anxiolytic, diuretic activity22
5. Celestrus paniculatus Black oil plant Seeds: fatty acids and

alkaloids 23

 Emmenagogue , emetic, aphrodisiac, expectorant 24
6 Anemarrhena asphodeloides Zhi Mu Rhizome: Sarsasapogenin,

saponins,

xanthone glycosides,

isoflavonoids,

and anthraquinone 25

 Anticancer, anti-diabetic,

antistress, anti-inflammatory, antiplatlet, antimicrobial, expectorant, diuretic, antiseptic, antianxiety, antifungal25
7 Oenothera biennis Evening primrose Terpenoids, steroids, flavonoids,

carbohydrates, lipids, linoleic acid,

oleic acid, stearic acid,  palmitic acid

and  saturated fatty acids 26

 Antioxidant, cytotoxic,

antibacterial, antiviral,anti-inflammatory, antihyperlipidiamic, thromblytic, anti-diarrhoeal.27
8 Verbascum thapsus Mullein Flavonoids, phenylethanoid glycosides,

tri terpenes, saponins, polysaccharides,

phenolic acids, phytosterols 28

 Antibacterial, antitumor, cardiovascular, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, analgesic 28
9 Cuminum cyminum

 

 

Ginko

biloba

 Jeera Fatty acids, triacylglycerols, polysaccharides, lignin, cuminaldehyde, limonene, pinene, linalool, flavonoids, isoflavonoids 29 Antidiabetic, antistress 30

anti-epileptic, anti-nociceptive 31 hepatoprotective,32 antibacterial,

anti-inflammatory 33
10 Maidenhair leaves: flavonoid, glycosides (containing quercetin, kaempferol, isorhamnetin

terpenoids  (ginkgolides A, B, C, and J, bilobalide) organic acids 34

 Antioxidant,anti-inflammatory,34 cardioprotective, anticancer,

antistress activity35
11 Mikania cordata Mile-a-minute coumarins sesquiterpenes,

sesquiterpenes lactones, diterpenes,

phytosterols/ terpenoids and

flavonoids 36

 Antinociceptive, cytotoxic,

antimicrobial, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, analgesic,36 antivirucidal and antiparasitic activity37
12 Phyllanthus emblica Amla Fruit: hydrolysable tannins

(emblicanin A and B), alkaloids,

phenolic compounds, minerals, protein

and amino acids: (glutamic acid, proline,

aspartic acid, alanine, cystine and lysine). Vitamin C, Flavonoids: quercetin, kaempferol 38

 antipyretic, analgesic, antitussive, adaptogenic, cardioprotective, gastroprotective, antianemic, anti-inflamatory, antihypercholesterolemic,

antidiarrheal, antipyretic, antiatherosclerotic, hepatoprotective, nephroprotective, and neuroprotective properties 38
13 Alchornea cordifolia Senegal Leaves: alkaloids, saponins,

unsaturated and carbonyl compounds, terpenoids, Root: steroid glycosides, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, carbohydrates phenolic acids,  gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, quercetin, quercetin arabinose and galactose glycosides 39

 Antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antifungal, antibacterial, antidiarrhoeal,  abortifacient, antispasmodic, blood purifier,

diuretic, emetic 40
14 Coccinia indica Kundru Aerial part : Heptacosane, cephalandrol, β -sitosterol, alkaloids cephalandrins A and B,

Fruits: β- Amyrin acetate, lupeol, cucurbitacin B, taraxerone, taraxerol, β-carotene, lycopene, cryptoxanthin, xyloglucan, carotenoids, β-sitosterol, Root : resin, alkaloids, starch, fatty acids, carbonic acid, triterpenoid, saponin coccinoside, flavonoid glycoside, lupeol, β-amyrin, β-sitosterol, taraxerol 41

 Antibacterial, antihelmintic,

antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimalarial, antioxidant,

antipyretic, analgesic, antiulcer, hypoglycemic, antitussive,

antifungal, hepatoprotective, Antidyslipidemic, mutagenic,

alpha amylase inhibition 41
15 Tribulus terristris Gokharu Saponins, flavonoids, glycosides,

alkaloids, and tannins 42

 Diuretic, aphrodisiac, antiurolithic activity, immunomodulatory, antidiabetic, absorbtion enhancer, hypolypidemic, hepatoprotective, antiinflammatory, antispasmodic, anticancer, antibacterial, larvicidal, anticarciogenic, antistress 43
16 Glycyrrhiza glabra Liquorice Glycyrrhizin, glucose, sucrose,

mannite, starch, asparagine, resins ,formononetin; glabrone, neoliquiritin and hispaglabridin A & B 44

 Anti-bacterial, anti-oxidant,anti-malarial, anti-fungal, antiviral, immunostimulatory spasmolytic, anti-ulcer, anti-arthritic, anti-inflammatory, antiallergic,  demulcent, emollient, estrogenic, expectorant, laxative, anti- carcinogenic 45
17 Bacopa monniera Brahmi Bacosides, bacopasides I–XII, brahmine, nicotine, and herpestine,46

bacoside A3, bacopacide II, bacopasaponin C, bacosaponin C 47

 Anti-ageing, anti-toxin,

anti-oxidant, anti-stress 48
18 Piper methysticum Kava-kava Root: chalcones, flavokavain A,

flavokavain B, and flavokavain pipermethystine.49

 CNS activity, antioxidant,

anxiolytic, analgesic,

antipsychotic, antistress,

antinociceptive, antianxiety,

antidepressant, anticonvulsant 50
19 Hypericum perforatum St. John’s Wort Naphthoquinone hypericin, pseudohypericin,

flavonoids, kaempferol, luteolin 51

 Antidepressant, anxiolytic, diuretic, antimalarial, antihelmintic51
20. Curcuma longa Turmeric Flavonoid curcumin , volatile oils

(tumerone, atlantone, and zingiberone),

sugars, proteins, and resins 52

 Antioxidant, hepatoprotective,

ant-inflammatory, anticarcinogenic, anti-microbial, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, immunomodulatory 52

Natural Therapies to Reduce Stress: Mind-body medicine has also been shown to reduce stress and enhance well-being. These mind-body techniques help change the way individuals think about the problem, which gives them more control over their responses made to the stress. This enables individuals to manage and even reduce their stress because they can assert control over their reactions and behaviors to the stress 53. Also, when individuals realize their ability to control their behaviors and, more importantly, their attitudes, they have more control over their stress overall. It becomes essential for individuals to learn how to control their thoughts, attitudes, and behaviors when encountering stressful situations. Following are some natural therapies to reduce stress.

  • Relaxation techniques
  • Exercise
  • Breathing
  • Yoga
  • Meditation
  • Division of labor
  • Assertiveness
  • Alcohol and drugs
  • Caffeine
  • Nutrition
  • Time  management
  • Seek professional help

Current Scenario: Herbal medicines are being used by about 80% of the world population primarily in the developing countries for primary health care. They have stood the test of time for their safety, efficacy, cultural acceptability and lesser side effects. The chemical constituents present in them are a part of the physiological functions of living flora, and hence they are believed to have better compatibility with the human body 54. Herbal plants are the main source of medicine. Two of the largest users of medicinal plants are China and India. Traditional Chinese Medicine uses over 5000 plant species; India uses about 7000. According to Export-Import Bank, the international market for medicinal plant-related trade is having a growth rate of 7% per annum. China’s share in world herbal market is US$ 6 billion while India’s share is only US$1 billion. India exports crude drugs mainly to developed countries viz. USA, Germany, France, Switzerland, the UK, and Japan. There is enormous scope for India also to emerge as a major player in the global herbal product based medicine 55.

CONCLUSION: Plants have been used since prehistoric times for treatment of various ailments. In this review, the few herbal plants have been discussed which are previously explored by the various researchers for their anti-stress activity. It can be concluded that in the heart of nature there are still so many plants, that have potent anti-stress activity, and their utilities in current scenario need to be unveiled so that they can also be used as an herbal medication for the betterment of human being. Ayurveda and modern medicine techniques must be coupled to bring out high quality herbal anti-stress products with rapid onset of action and good bioavailability. Further new research in the field of stress reveals a close relationship between emotional and nervous processes and the immune system.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: The authors express their sincere thanks to Prof. (Dr.) H. H. Siddiqui, Dean Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow, India for giving all encouragement and valuable support. The help renders by Ms. Barnali Bose, the senior instructor is greatly appreciated.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST: Nil

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    How to cite this article:

    Rizvi A, Mishra A, Mahdi AA, Ahmad M and Basit A: Natural and herbal stress remedies: A review. Int J Pharmacognosy 2015; 2(4): 155-60. doi link: http://dx.doi.org/10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.IJP.2(4).155-60.

    This Journal licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non-commercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported License.

     

Article Information

2

155-60

588

2547

14

English

IJP

A. Rizvi, A. Mishra, A. A. Mahdi, M. Ahmad and A. Basit

Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.

aleza.rizvi@gmail.com

26 January 2015

21 March 2015

29 March 2015

10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.IJP.2(4).155-60

01 April 2015

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