ANTI DIABETIC ACTIVITY OF PLANTS WITH THEIR PHYTOCONSTITUENTS: A REVIEW
HTML Full TextANTIDIABETIC ACTIVITY OF PLANTS WITH THEIR PHYTOCONSTITUENTS: A REVIEW
Mayank Kumar * 1, Shashi Alok 1, Sanjay Kumar Jain 1 and Amita Verma 2
Department of Pharmacognosy 1, Institute of Pharmacy Bundelkhand University, Jhansi- 284128, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences 2, SHIATS, Allahabad - 211007, Uttar Pradesh, India.
ABSTRACT: Diabetes mellitus is characterized by elevated plasma glucose concentrations resulting from insufficient insulin. A comprehensive herbal drug therapeutic regimen offers time tested safe and effective support to conventional therapy in the management of diabetes. This is a combination with adequate dietary management, and physical activity would provide an integrated approach to the management of this deadly disease, particularly Type 2 diabetes. In this paper, an attempt has been made to give an overview of certain Indian plants with their phytoconstituents and mechanism of action which have been studied for their antidiabetic activity. The present work offers a review addressing the detailed phytochemistry of different plants contains this article.
Keywords: |
Diabetes, Hypoglycemic, Mechanism of action, Phytoconstituents
INTRODUCTION: Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common and serious chronic diseases in the United States. About 16 million Americans have diabetes, 5.4 million of whom do not know they have the disease. Diabetes is the leading cause of adult blindness, end-stage renal disease, and nontraumatic lower-extremity amputations (as a result of nerve disease). People with diabetes are 2–4 times more likely to have coronary heart disease and stroke than people without diabetes. Also, poorly controlled diabetes can complicate pregnancy - congenital disabilities are more common in babies born to women with diabetes.
Diabetes is a metabolic disease in which the body does not produce or properly use insulin, a hormone that is needed to convert sugar, starches, and other food into energy needed for daily life.
There are three main types of diabetes, all of which are characterized by high levels of blood glucose (sugar).
Type 1 Diabetes: Also called insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) or juvenile- onset diabetes.
Type 2 Diabetes: Also called noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or adult-onset diabetes. Diabetes is called a self-managed disease, meaning that your loved one can probably take responsibility for his or her day-to-day care. Much daily care involves keeping blood glucose near normal levels at all times. Studies show that controlling blood sugar levels lowers the risk of some complications of diabetes, such as eye and heart disease and nerve damage, so it’s important for your loved one to stick to his or her diabetes management plan as closely as possible. This article has an objective to collect scattered scientific information on the herbs of hypoglycemic activity and to provide the present status of plants on which antidiabetic activity has been done.
MATERIAL AND METHOD: The information on the plants having antidiabetic activity was collected from different websites Journal and books available. These were further studied specifically to analyze the phytoconstituent and different mechanism which can alter the blood glucose metabolism. Based upon the hypothesis plants belong to the specific family may have a similar type of chemical composition and similar type of mechanism of action. After compilation of data, the method has opted from generalization to specification. Table 1 contains a list of plants having antidiabetic activity with their chemical constituents and mode of action. Whereas Constituent vs. Mode of Activity has been described in Table 2. To understand the mechanism of action Fig. 1 has been provided along with figures of phytoconstituent in Fig. 2.
FIG. 1: EXPLAINING THE MECHANISM OF ACTION TO CONTROL GLUCOSE METABOLISM
TABLE 2: CONSTITUENTS v/s MODE OF ACTIVITY
S. no. | Constituents | Mode of Activity |
1 | Alkaloids
|
Inhibit alpha glucosidase and decrease glucose transport through the intestinal epithelium 137 |
2 | Imidazoline compounds | Stimulates insulin secretion in glucose dependent manner 138 |
3 | Polysaccharides | Increased the levels of serum insulin, reduce the blood glucose levels and improve tolerance of 139 |
4 | Flavonoids | Suppressed the glucose level, reduced plasma cholesterol, and triglycerides significantly and increased their hepatic glucokinase activity probably 140 |
5 | Dietary fibers | Effectively adsorbed glucose, retard glucose diffusion and inhibit the activity of alpha-amylase and may be responsible for decreasing the rate of glucose absorption and concentration of postprandial serum glucose 141 |
6 | Saponin,
(Triterpenoid + steroidal) |
Stimulates the release of insulin and 142 |
|
FIG. 2: STRUCTURES OF CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS BELONG TO HYPOGLYCEMIC ACTIVITY
TABLE 1: LIST OF PLANTS HAVING ANTI-DIABETIC ACTIVITY
S. no. | Botanical Name | Local
Name |
Family | Parts
used |
Mechanism of
action |
Chemical Constituents |
1 | Abies pindrow Royle | Morinda Rodha | Pinaceae | Entire plant | Insulin secretagogue activity | Volatile oil 1 |
2 | Abroma augusta Linn. | Devil’s cotton | Sterculiaceae | Roots & Leaves | Lowering blood sugar | Fixed oil, Alkaloid 2 |
3 | Acacia arabica willd | Babool | Leguminosae | Seed | Initiate release of insulin | Arabin 3
|
4 | Acacia Catechu | Betal nut | Palmae | Fruits | Lowering blood sugar | Catechin 4 |
5 | Achyranthus aspera L. | Chirchiri
|
Amaranthaceae | Entire plant | Decrease blood sugar 5 | |
6 | Acorus calamus L. | Sweet flag | Araceae | Radix | Increase glucose consumption 6, 7 | |
7 | Agrimony eupatoria L. | Rosaceae | Leaves | Insulin releasing & insulin like activity 8 | ||
8 | Ajaugaiva wall. ex. Benth | Bugle weed | Labiatae | Entire plant | Decrease plasma glucose level 9 | |
10 | Allium cepa Linn. | Pyaz | Liliaceae | Bulb | Stimulating effects on glucose utilization and antioxidant enzyme 11 | Protein, carbohydrate, vit. A,B,C, Allyl propyl disulphide |
11 | Aloe vera Tourn. ex. Linn. | Gheequar | Liliaceae | Entire plant | Aloin glycoside 12-14 | |
12 | Aloe barbadensis Miller | Gheequar | Liliaceae | Leaves | Stimulating synthesis and/or release of insulin | Barbaloin, isobarbaloin, resin 15 |
13 | Amaranthus spinosus Linn. | Kataili chaulai | Amaranthaceae | Stem 16 | ||
14 | Anacardium occidentale Linn | Kaju
|
Anacardiaceae
|
Entire plant | Flavonols, terpenoid, caumarin, phenolic 17 | |
15 | Andrographis paniculata Nees | Kalmegh | Acanthaceae | Entire plant | Increase glucose metabolism | Diterpenoid lactone andrographolide 18, 19 |
16 | Annona squamosa | Sharifa | Annonaceae | Leaves | Hypoglycemic and antihyperglycemic activities of ethanolic leaf-extract, Increased plasma insulin level | Acetogenins- squamosin B, squamosamid, reticulation-2, isosquamosin 20 |
17 | Artemisia pallens Wall | Davana | Compositae | Aerial parts | Hypoglycemic, increases peripheral glucose utilization or inhibits glucose reabsorption | Essential oil, davanone 21 |
18 | Averrhoa bilimbi | Bilimbi | Oxalidaceae | Leaves | increase serum insulin level 22, 23 | |
19 | Azadirachta indica A. juss. | Neem | Meliaceae | Leaves | The glycogenolytic effect due to epinephrine action was blocked 24 | Nimbidin, Nimbin, Nimbidol, Nimbosterol |
20 | Baccharis trimerea L. | - | Asteraceae | Aerial parts | Increase glucose metabolism 25 | |
21 | Barleria lupulina | - | Acanthaceae | Aerial parts | Reduce blood glucose level by 26, 27 | |
22 | Bauhinia forficate L. | Pata de Vaca | fabaceae | Leaves | In preventing diabetic complication 28, 29 | |
23 | Berberis ariatata | Barberries | Berberidaceae | Root | Increase glucose metabolism 30 | |
24 | Beta vulgaris Linn. | chukandar | Chenopodiaceae | Leaves | Reduce blood glucose level by regeneration of β cells 31 | |
25 | Bidens pilosa | composite | Aerial parts | Polyacetylenic glucoside 32 | ||
26 | Bixa orellana L. | Annotta | Bixaceae | Entire plant | Increase plasma insulin conc. & increase insulin binding on insulin receptor | Oleo-resin 33 |
27 | Boerhaavia diffusa L. | Punarnava | Nyctaginaceae | Leaves & Entire plant | Increase in hexokinase activity, decrease in glucose-6-phosphatase
and fructose bis-phosphatase activity, increase plasma insulin level 34 |
Alkaloid punarnavaine, punarnavoside |
28 | Butea monosperma L. | Flame of forest | Papilionaceae | Bark, Leaves | Free radicle scavenging 35-38 | |
29 | Brassica juncea L. | Rai | Cruciferae | Leaves & seed | Food adjuvants for diabetic patients 39 | Isothiocyanate glycoside singrin |
30 | Caesalpinia bonducella Flem. | Karanju | Leguminosae | Seed kernels | Free radicle scavenging 40 | Fatty oil |
31 | Camellia sinensis | Green tea (chai) | Theaceae | Leaves | Increase insulin secretion | Polyphenolic constituents (EGCG) 41 |
32 | Capparis deciduas Edgew | Karer | Capparidaceae | Powder | Hypoglycemic, antioxidant, hypolipidaemic 42 | |
33 | Capsicum frutescens Linn. | Mirch | Solanaceae | Entire plant | Increase insulin secretion & reduction of insulin binding on the insulin receptor | Capsaicin, protein 43 |
34 | Carum carvi Linn. | Shia jira | Umbelliferae | Fruits | V.oil, resin, carvone, fixed oil 44 | |
35 | Cassia alata | Ringworm senna | Caesalpiniaceae | Leaves 45 | ||
36 | Cassia auriculata | Tarwar | Caesalpiniaceae | Flower | Increase utilization of glucose through increase glycolysis 46 | |
37 | Casearia esculenta | - | Sallacaceae | Root | Increase insulin secretion 47, 48 | |
38 | Catharanthus roseus G. Don | Sadabahar | Apocynaceae | Leaves, twig & flower | Increase metabolization of glucose | Indole alkaloid, vincristine vinblastin 49 |
39 | Citrullus vulgaris | Watermelon | Cucurbitaceae | Peel of fruits | Reduce blood glucose level by regeneration of β cells 50 | |
40 | Citrus sinensis | Sweet orange | Rutaceae | Peel of fruits | Increase glucose consumption 51-54 | |
41 | Citrus paradisi | Grapefruits | Rutaceae | Seed | Reduce blood glucose level by regeneration of β cells 55 | |
42 | Cinnamomum zeylanicum Nees | Dalchini | Lauraceae | Bark | Elevation in plasma insulin 56 | V.oil, tannin, mannitol, ca.oxalate, |
43 | Clausena anisata Burm. f. | Rutaceae | Roots | Stimulate secretion of insulin 57 | ||
44 | Coccinia indica W& A | Kundaru | Cucurbitaceae | Fruits, Leaves | Reduce blood glucose level by regeneration of β cells 58 | Beta sitosterol, Cucurbitacin
|
45 | Coriandrum sativum Linn. | Dhania | Umbelliferae | Seed | V.oil, fixed oil, protein 59 | |
46 | Coscinium fenestratum Calebr | Jharhaldi | Menispermaceae | Stem | Increase enzymatic antioxidants | Barberini, glycoside, saponin 60 |
47 | Croton cajucara Benth | Jamalgota | Euphorbiaceae | Bark | Fixed oil 61 | |
48 | Cryptolepis sanguinolenta R. | Anantmul | Asclepiadaceae | Entire plant | Increase glucose uptake by 3T3-L1 cells | Cryptolepine 62 |
49 | Curcuma longa L. | Turmeric | Zingiberaceae | Rhizome | Inhibition of human pancreas alpha-amylase | Curcumin 63 |
50 | Dendrobium Chrysotoxum | Fried egg orchid | Orchidaceae | Stem | Increase enzymatic antioxidants 64 | |
51 | Dioscorea Polygonoids | Jamaican bitter yam | Dioscoreaceae | Root | Increase enzymatic antioxidants 65 | |
52 | Eclipta alba Linn. | Bhringraj | Compositae | Leaves | Decrease activity of glucose-6-phosphatase& fructose-1-6,bisphasphatase | Ecliptic alkaloid 66 |
53 | Emblica Officinalis Gaertn. | Amla | Euphorbiaceae | Fruits | Reduce 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, creatinine albumin level | Vit.C, tannin 67 |
54 | Enicostemma littorale Blume | Chhota chirayata | Gentianaceae | Entire plant | Decrease glycosylated Hb & glucose 6 phosphatase | Swertiamarine glycoside 68-70 |
55 | Eugenia jambolana Lam. | Jamun | Myrtaceae | Seed, fruit, leaves, kernel | Lowers plasma glucose level 71-73 | |
56 | Eucalyptus globulus Labill. | Eucalyptus | Myrtaceae | Leaves | Increase insulin secretion from a clonal pancreatic beta line (BRIN-BD 11) | Essential oil, cineol 74 |
57 | Euphrasia officinale | Eyebright | Scrophulariaceae | Leaves 75 | ||
58 | Ficus religiosa Linn. | Peepal | Moraceae | Entire plant | Initiating release of insulin | Tannin 76 |
59 | Ficus bengalensis Linn. | Bargad | Moraceae | Bark | Rising serum insulin | Tannin 77 |
60 | Ficus carica | Anjir | Moraceae | Leaves 78 | ||
61 | Gymnema montanum hook f. | Asclepiadaceae | Leaves | Antioxidant & antiperoxidative 79 | ||
62 | Gymnema Sylvestre R. | Gudmar | Asclepiadaceae | Leaves | Lowers plasma glucose level | Gymnemic acid, quercital 80-83 |
63 | Gentiana olivieri Griseb. | Gentianaceae | Flowers | Lowers plasma glucose level | Iso-orientin C-glycoside 84 | |
64 | Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn. | Mulethi | Leguminosae | Root | Lowers plasma glucose level | Triterpenoid, saponin, glycyrrhizin 85 |
65 | Gynura procumbens | Compositae | Leaves | Lowers plasma glucose level 86 | ||
66 | Hibiscus rosa sinensis Linn. | Gudhal (China rose) | Malvaceae | Entire plant | Stimulate insulin secretion from beta cells | Vit.B,C, Fat 87 |
67 | Helicteres isora Linn. | Indian screw tree | Sterculiaceae | Root | Decrease plasma triglyceride level & insulin-sensitizing activity | Saponin, tannin, lignin 88 |
68 | Hordeum vulgare | Jau | Graminaeae | Barley 89 | ||
69 | Hovenia dulcis Thunb | Sicka | Rhamnaceae | Entire plant | Flavonoids 90 | |
70 | Ipomoea aquatica Forsk. | Kalmisag | Convolvulaceae | Leaves | Reduce fasting blood sugar level & serum glucose level | Carotene 91 |
71 | Ipomoea batata Linn. | Shakarkand | Convolvulaceae | Tubers | Reduce insulin resistance & blood glucose level 92 | |
72 | Juniperus communis Linn. | Hauber | Pinaceae | Fruits | Increase peripheral glucose consumption & induce insulin secretion 93 | |
73 | Lupinus albus Linn. | Turmas | Fabaceae | Seed | Lower serum glucose level | Alkaloid, fatty oil, asparagines 94 |
74 | Luffa aegyptiaca Mill. | Ghiatori | Cucurbitaceae | Seed | Lactagogue activity | Fatty oil 95 |
75 | Leucas lavandulaefolia Rees | Kumbha | Labiatae | Entire plant | Reduce blood glucose level 96 | |
76 | Lagerstronemia speciosa | Jarul | Lythraceae | Leaves 97 | ||
77 | Lepidium sativum | Halim, huff | Cruciferae | Seeds 98 | ||
78 | Mangifera indica Linn. | Mango | Anacardiaceae | Leaves | Reduction of intestinal absorption of glucose | Mangiferin 99 |
79 | Myrtus communis L. | Vilayati mendhi | Myrtaceae | Leaves | Lower blood glucose level | V. oil mirtii oleum 100 |
80 | Memecylon umbellatum Burm | Anjani | Melastomataceae | Leaves | Lower serum glucose 101 | |
81 | Momordica cymbalania Fenzl ex naud in | kadavanchi | Cucurbitaceae | Fruit powder | Reduce blood glucose level 102 | |
82 | Mucuna pruriens L. | Kiwach | Leguminosae | Seed | Reduce blood glucose level 103 | |
83 | Musa sapientum Linn. | Banana | Musaceae | Flower | Reduce blood glucose &glycosylated Hb 104 | |
84 | Momordica charantia Linn. | Karela | Cucurbitaceae | Fruit | Reduce blood glucose level | Momordicine alkaloid, ascorbic acid 105 |
85 | Morus indica L. | Shehtoot | Moraceae | Leaves | Increase glucose uptake 106 | |
86 | Murraya koeingii (L) spreng | Curry leaf | Rutaceae | Leaves | Increase glycogenesis, decrease glycogenolysis & gluconeogenesis 107 | |
87 | Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. | Lotus | Nymphaeaceae | Rhizome | Reduce blood sugar level | Nuciferin, nornuciferin 108 |
88 | Ocimum sanctum Linn. | Tulsi | Labiatae | Leaves | Lowering blood sugar level | V. oil, phenol, aldehyde, fixed oil, alkaloid, tannin, ascorbic acid 109 |
89 | Olea europium Linn. | Olive | Oleaceae | Leaves | Potentiation of glucose, induced insulin released, & increase peripheral uptake of glucose | Oleuropeoside 110 |
90 | Opuntia Ficus indica Mill | Indian fig | Cactaceae | Stem 111 | ||
91 | Pandanus odors Linn. | Kevra | Pandanaceae | Root | Decrease plasma glucose level | Essential oil 112 |
92 | Panax ginseng Mey. | Pannag | Araliaceae | Root & entire plant | Lowering blood sugar level | Glycans, panaxans I, J, K & L 113 |
93 | Punica granatum Linn. | Anar | Punicaceae | Seed | Reduce blood sugar level | Vit.C, protein, tannin, gallic acid, pelletierine 114 |
94 | Picrorrhiza kurroa Royle ex. Benth | Katuka | Scrophulariaceae | Entire plant | Decrease serum glucose | Picrorrhizin, kutkin 115 |
95 | Phyllanthus amarus | Bhui amla | Euphorbiaceae | Entire plant | Decrease blood glucose level | Alkaloids 116 |
96 | Phaseolus vulgaris | Lobia | Papilionaceae | Pod, seed, whole plant | Hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, inhibit alpha-amylase activity, antioxidant 117 | |
97 | Salacia oblonga | Chundan | Celastraceae | Root | inhibition of alpha-glucosidase activity 118 | |
98 | Salacia reticulata Wight. | Anukudu chettu | Celastraceae | Stem & root | inhibition of alpha-glucosidase activity 119 | |
99 | Swertia chirayata Roxb. ex. Flem | Chirayata | Gentianaceae | Entire plant | Stimulates insulin release from islets | Xanthone mangiferin, gentianine, swertisin 120 |
100 | Syzygium cumini Linn. | Jamun | Myrtaceae | Seed | Decrease blood glucose level 121 | |
101 | Scoparia dulcis Linn. | Mithi patti | Scrophulariaceae | Leaves | Decrease glycosylated Hb & Inc. total Hb, Insulin-secretagogue activity 122 | |
102 | Trigonella foenum graceum | Methi | Leguminosae | Seed | Decrease blood glucose concentration | Protein, fat, V. oil, fixed oil, carbohydrate 123 |
103 | Tribulus terrestris | Gokhru | Zygophyllaceae | Saponin | Decrease serum glucose | Harmine 124 |
104 | Tinospora crispa Linn. | Giloe | Menispermaceae | Stem | Anti-hyperglycemic stimulates insulin release from islets 125 | |
105 | Tinospora cardifolia Willd. | Giloe | Menispermaceae | Root | Decrease blood glucose & brain lipid | Berberine, starch 126 |
106 | Tamarindus indica Linn. | Imli | Caesalpimiaceae | Seed 127 | ||
107 | Teramnus labialis (Roxb) Benth | Mashoni | Fabaceae | Aerial parts | Coumarin –fraxidin 128 | |
108 | Urtifca dioica Linn. | Bichhu booti | Urticaceae | Leaves | Increase insulin secretion | Fatty oil 129 |
109 | Vaccinium Angustifolium | Blue berry | Erlcaceae | Root, Stem | Enhances Beta cells Proliferation 130 | |
110 | Viscum album Linn. | Vadank | Loranthaceae | Entire plant | Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor 131 | |
111 | Vinca rosea | Sadabahar | Apocynaceae | Leaves | Beta cell rejuvenation, regeneration, & stimulation | Vincristine , vinblastine 132 |
112 | Withania somnifera Dunal | Ashwagandha | Solanaceae | Root | Decrease blood sugar level | Withanine, somnine, withaferin, withanolides 133 |
113 | Xanthium strumarium | Chhota gokhru | Compositae | Fruits | Increase glucose utilization | Phenolic compound, caffeic acid 134 |
114 | Zingiber officinale Roscoe | Adrak | Zingiberaceae | Rhizome | Increase insulin level & decrease fasting glucose level | Sesquiterpene 135 |
115 | Zizyphus sativa Gaertn | Pitni-ber | Rhamnaceae | Leaves | Dose-dependent reduction in blood glucose level | Tannin 136 |
CONCLUSION: Diabetes is a disorder of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism attributed to diminished production of insulin or mounting resistance to its action. Herbal treatments for diabetes have been used in patients with insulin-dependent and non-insulin-dependent diabetes, diabetic retinopathy, diabetic peripheral neuropathy, etc. Scientific validation of several Indian plant species has proved the efficacy of the botanicals in reducing the sugar level. There are several plants known for their antidiabetic activity, with a different mode of action and phyto-constituents. This is an effort to streamline the phytoconstituents of a specific family with a specific mode of action to reduce plasma glucose. Keeping in the view from the reports on their potential effectiveness against diabetes, it is assumed that the botanicals have a major role to play in the management of diabetes, which needs further exploration for necessary development of drugs and nutraceuticals from natural resources.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: The authors are grateful to Dr. Sanjay Kumar Jain Associate Professor in Department of Pharmacy Bundelkhand University, Jhansi, India for providing the necessary laboratory facilities and we are also thankful with our deepest core of heart to Dr. Sanjay Kumar Jain for his valuable guidance.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST: Nil
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How to cite this article:
Kumar M, Alok S, Jain SK and Verma A: Anti-diabetic activity of plants with their phytoconstituents: A review. Int J Pharmacognosy, 2014; 1(1): 9-22. doi: 10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.1(1).9-22.
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Article Information
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English
IJP
M. Kumar *, S. Alok, S. K. Jain and A. Verma
Department of Pharmacognosy, Institute of Pharmacy Bundelkhand University, Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh, India.
mayank.pharma89@gmail.com
22 November 2013
11 December 2013
23 December 2013
http://dx.doi.org/10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.1(1).9-22
01 January 2014