PHARMACOGNOSTICAL PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING OF ARISTOLOCHIA BRACTEOLATE (ARISTOLOCHIACEAE)
HTML Full TextPHARMACOGNOSTICAL PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING OF ARISTOLOCHIA BRACTEOLATE (ARISTOLOCHIACEAE)
R. Ramasubramania Raja * 1 and P. Shanmuga Pandiyan 2
PRIST University 1, Thanjavur - 613403, Tamil Nadu, India.
Rao’s College of Pharmacy 2, Nellore - 524320, Andhra Pradesh, India.
ABSTRACT: Aristolochia bracteolate is a small, glabrous shrub occurring in India. It belongs to the family Aristolochiaceae. The whole plant is used in various ailments like abortifacient, alterative, anthelmintic, antiperiodic, emmenagogue and purgative. The stem and root are having aristolochia acid (Alkaloid). The leaves and roots are used to rid the body of Guinea worm (a parasitic infection caused by a nematode). In present study was macroscopical, microscopy, physiochemical parameters (extractive values, crude fiber content, ash values, foreign organic matter), fluorescent analysis, plant cell inclusions reported. The ethanolic plant extraction was carried out by using a soxhlet apparatus. The extract was screened for phytochemical properties by using a color reaction test.
Keywords: |
Aristolochia bracteolate, Antiperiodic, Macroscopical, Microscopy, Soxhlet
INTRODUCTION: Scientific Classification: 6, 7
Kindgom: Plantae
Phylum: Tracheophyta
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Piperales
Family: Aristolochiaceae
Genus: Aristolochia
Species: Aristolochia bracteolata
Vernacular Names:
- English: Worm killer, Indian birthwort
- Malayalam: Adhthinnappala, karalakam,
- Hindi-Kidamari, Tamil-Adu tinna palai,
- Telugu: Gudide Gaddithaigadapara
- Kannada: Sanajali-hullu
- Marathi: Gandhani
- Sanscrit: Pattra- banga
Aristolochia bracteolata is a perennial, or rarely annual, mostly prostrate but occasionally climbing or suberect, unpleasantly smelling herb growing from 10 - 40cm long. The plant is usually gathered from the wild and is used locally in traditional medicine. It is sometimes cultivated for medicinal use in India. Grows along the banks of the ganges and in southern India. It is wasteland weed.
FIG. 1: ARISTOLOCHIA BRACTEOLATE
Cultivation: Aristolochia bracteolata is propagation by seed. A plant of the drier tropics and subtropics, usually growing where there is a distinct dry season. The flowers of many species in this genus form an intricate trap for pollinating insects. The insects are tempted to an area of the flower where they are unable to grip, and they slide down into the utricle - downward pointing hairs prevent them from climbing out. The trap helps to ensure the fertilization of the flowers and the insects are eventually released.
Medicinal Uses:
- The whole plant is very bitter and has abortifacient, alterative, anthelmintic, anti-periodic, emmenagogue and purgative properties. It should be used with great caution since the plant can be toxic to mammals. The stem and the root contain the aristolochic alkaloid acid.
- The dried, powdered root has been shown to increase the contractions of the uterus during labor. It has been used as a substitute for ergot.
- The leaves and roots are used to rid the body of Guinea worm (a parasitic infection caused by a nematode).
- The powdered roots are combined with castor oil (from Ricinus communis) and used in the treatment of colic, amenorrhoea, dysmenorrhoea, intermittent fever and worms.
- Externally, its juice is applied to foul and neglected ulcers to destroy insect larvae. It is also used to treat scorpion bites.
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
Plant Material: The plant of A. bracteolate was collected from Thirumalaisamudram 7 km away from Thanjavur (Tamil Nadu) in December 2010. The plants were identified by local people of that village and authenticated by Dr. N. Ravichandran, Asst. Professor, Drug Testing Laboratory, CARISM, SASTRA University Thanjavur, and the Voucher specimen is preserved in the laboratory for future reference.
Chemicals: All the reagents used were of analytical grade obtained from S.D. fine chemicals, Ltd, and Hi-Media, Mumbai.
Pharmacognostical Screening of Plants: Macroscopic characters and physiochemical parameters of Aristolochea bracteolate leaf and leaf powder: The macroscopic evaluation was carried out for shape, size, color, odor, taste, and fracture of the drug. Different physiochemical values such as Ash value, extractive values, loss on drying, foreign organic matter, Crude fiber content, were determined and reported in Table 1.
Preparation of Extract from Aristolochea bracteolate leaf Powder: The leaves were dried under shade, powdered and passed through 40meshes and stored in a closed vessel for further use. The dried powder material (150 gm) was subjected to Soxhlet extraction with ethanol for continuous hot extraction for 24 h. The extracts were concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain the solid extracts residues. The percentage value of extract was 29 (% w/w).
Phytochemical Evaluation of Ethanolic Leaf Extracts of Aristolochia bracteolate: The ethanolic extract of Aristolochea bracteolate (Leaf) was subjected to preliminary phytochemical tests followed by the methods of Harbone (1998), and Trease and Evans (1983) and the phytoconstituents reported in Table 2. 1, 2, 3
Fluorescence Analysis Study of Aristolochia bracteolate Leaves Powder: Fluorescence analysis study of powdered drug material with different reagents was carried out to observe the color reactions reported in Table 3.
Study of Plant Cell Inclusions: Plant cell inclusions study of powdered drug material with different reagents was carried out to observe the color reactions reported in Table 4.
General Chemical and Microchemical Tests: General chemical and Microchemical tests of powdered drug material with different reagents was carried out to observe the color reactions to identify the compound reported in Table 5. 4
Leaf Constants: Vein islet number, vein termination number, stomatal number, and the stomatal index was carried out to observe microscopically reported in Table 6. 5
RESULTS: Prostate herb and often the maximum height is 50 cm. Leaves are cordiform or reniform, 4-7× 5-9 cm, 5-nerved from the base. Bracts are cordate-orbicular, leaf margin entire or wavy.
Flowers dark purple, 5cm long the limb entire, 1-lipped; lip 3cm long, rolled back, emarginated. Fruits are Capsule 2.5×1.5cm in size, and the seeds are numerous and the seeds cordate in shape.
Transverse Section of Leaf Aristolochia bracteolate: The T.S. of leaf midrib consists of epidermis, cortex and vascular bundle. The epidermis made up of single rows, short ovoid cells and the outer cell wall contains cuticle. The cortex consists of 4 rows of short, ovoid parenchymatous cells.
The vascular bundles are single, globular shaped consists of xylem, cambium, and phloem. 2 rows of phloem cells surround the xylem cells. The lamina consists of single rows of elongated cells and the outer cell was contains cuticle. The palisade cells are single rows, elongated with chloroplasts and arranged without intercellular space. The spongy parenchyma cells are 2-3 rows polygonal with intercellular space. The bundle sheath xylem cells are spiral thickening. The epidermal cells of the leaf having anomocytic type of stomata.
FIG. 2: ARISTOLOCHIA BRACTEOLATE
Physiochemical Parameters: The extractive value was highest in water and was recorded to be 24%w/w, and ethanol soluble extractive value was about 14.4% w/w. The different ash values and the different physiochemical parameters were screened and are presented in the table.
TABLE 1: PHYSIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF ARISTOLOCHIA BRACTEOLATE LEAF POWDER
S. no. | Parameters | Aristolochea bracteolate |
1 | Hexane Soluble extractive | 8% |
2 | Pet ether Soluble extractive | 2.4% |
3 | Chloroform Soluble extractive | 4.5% |
4 | Acetone soluble extractive | 4.8% |
5 | Ethanol soluble extractive | 14.4% |
6 | Ethyl acetate soluble extractive | 8% |
7 | Methanol soluble extractive | 13.6% |
8 | Water-soluble extractive | 24% |
9 | Foreign organic matter | 2% |
10 | Loss on drying | 3% |
11 | Crude fiber content | 21% |
12 | Total Ash | 5% |
13 | Acid-insoluble ash | 2% |
14 | Sulphated ash | 12% |
15 | Water Soluble ash | 1% |
TABLE 2: PRELIMINARY PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF ETHANOLIC LEAF EXTRACTS OF ARISTOLOCHIA BRACTEOLATE
S. no. | Phytoconstituents | Aristolochia bracteolate |
1 | Alkaloids | + |
2 | Aminoacids | + |
3 | Anthraquinones | - |
4 | Carbohydrates | + |
5 | Flavonoids | + |
6 | Phenolic groups | + |
7 | Saponins | + |
8 | Steroids | - |
9 | Tannins | + |
+ = Present, - = Absent
TABLE 3: FLUORESCENCE ANALYSIS STUDY OF ARISTOLOCHIA BRACTEOLATE LAM., LEAVES POWDER
S.
no. |
Sample | Colour in Daylight | Colour in UV |
1 | Powder | Green | Green |
2 | Powder + 0.1N Sodium hydroxide | Dark
green |
Pale
green |
3 | Powder + Acetic anhydride | Dark
green |
Pale
green |
4 | Powder + 0.1N Hydrochloric acid | Pale
green |
Dark
green |
5 | Powder + water | Pale green | Dark green |
TABLE 4: STUDY OF PLANT CELL INCLUSIONS OF ARISTOLOCHIA BRACTEOLATE
S. no. | Test | Result | Colour |
1 | Cellulose | + | Pale yellow |
2 | Lignin | + | Deep blue |
3 | Suberin | + | Deep yellow |
4 | Chitin | + | Violet |
5 | Starch | + | Blue |
6 | Mucilage | + | Pink |
7 | Proteins | + | Brick red |
8 | Alkaloids | + | Reddish brown |
9 | Tannins | + | Bluish-black |
10 | Calcium oxalate | + | Needle-shaped crystals |
11 | Calcium carbonate | + | Needle-shaped crystals |
TABLE 5: GENERAL CHEMICAL AND MICRO CHEMICAL TESTS FOR LEAF POWDER OF ARISTOLOCHIA BRACTEOLATE
S. no. | Test | Results |
1 | Test with water /aqueous extract | + |
2 | Test For Tannins | + |
3 | Test for Anthraquinine | - |
4 | Test for Mucilage | + |
5 | Test for Carbohydrate | + |
6 | Test for alkaloids | + |
TABLE 6: LEAF CONSTANTS OF ARISTOLOCHIA BRACTEOLATE
S. no. | Parameters | Results |
1 | Vein islets number | 90±7.61 |
2 | Vein termination number | 99 ± 4.81 |
3 | Stomatal number | 21 ±0.55 |
4 | Stomatal index | 24 ±0.97 |
DISCUSSION: The plant was screened for its macroscopic, microscopic, physiochemical parameter, fluorescence analysis, general and microchemical analysis for crude powder and plant cell inclusions showed that they all within the limit. Extraction was carried out by using a Soxhlet apparatus. The extractive values are determined by using the chemicals in order of polarity wise. The extractive value was highest in water and was recorded to be 24.0% w/w, and ethanol soluble extractive value was about 14.4% w/w. The lowest value non-polar solvent pet ether 2.4% w/w, and hexane like 8% w/w. The different ash values like total ash 5% w/w, Acid insoluble ash 2%w/w, and sulphated ash 12% w/w. The Aristolochia bracteolate leaf powder reported the potential fluorescent property with different chemical reagents. Mucilage, alkaloids, and tannins identified the general chemical and microchemical analysis. Ethanolic extract was made by using soxhlet apparatus; finally, get the ethanolic extract was tested with chemical reagents color reaction based. The presence showed the alkaloids, flavonoids, carbohydrates, phenolic compounds, saponins, and tannins.
CONCLUSION: The plant A. bracteolate Lam., was screened for its macroscopic, microscopic, physiochemical parameter, fluorescence analysis, general and microchemical analysis for crude powder and plant cell inclusions. Extraction was carried out by using a soxhlet apparatus. The presence showed the alkaloids, flavonoids, carbohydrates, phenolic compounds, saponins, and tannins. Developing countries like India having the percentage of poor people more, to meet with the demand of the poor public, the Aristolochia bracteolate Lam., may serve the purpose once the evaluation and detailed studies may over. This work is valuable for further continue the research doing persons.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: Nil
CONFLICT OF INTEREST: Nil
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How to cite this article:
Raja RR and Pandiyan PS: Pharmacognostical phytochemical screening of Aristolochia bracteolate (Aristolochiaceae). Int J Pharmacognosy 2016; 3(11): 496-00. doi link: http://dx.doi.org/10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.IJP.3(11).496-00.
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