PHARMACOGNOSTICAL, PHYTOCHEMICAL AND ANTHELMINTIC ACTIVITY ON FLOWERS OF JASMINUM GRANDIFLORUM LINN. (OLEACEAE)
HTML Full TextPHARMACOGNOSTICAL, PHYTOCHEMICAL AND ANTHELMINTIC ACTIVITY ON FLOWERS OF JASMINUM GRANDIFLORUM LINN. (OLEACEAE)
R. Radha *, C. K. Aarthi, V. Santhoshkumar and G. Thangakamatchi
Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Madras Medical College, Chennai - 600003, Tamil Nadu, India.
ABSTRACT: Jasminum grandiflorum Linn. is a scrambling deciduous shrub. Its leaves are used as Ayurvedic herbal medicine, and its flowers are used to adorn the coiffure of women. The plant is bitter, astringent, acrid, thermogenic, aphrodisiac, antiseptic, anodyne, depurative, emmenagogue, emollient, diuretic, anthelmintic, deobstruent, dentifrice, suppurative tonic. Since, the literature has restricted Jasminum grandiflorum Linn. with agricultural and botanical limits, efforts were undertaken to unmask the extremely useful yet hidden therapeutic potential of the plant. Pharmacognostical and phytochemical analysis revealed the major presence of flavonoids, carbohydrates, alkaloids, glycosides and few other constituents. Pharmacological study of four extracts (n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and ethanolic extracts) on the flowers of Jasminum grandiflorum Linn. was prepared and screened for its anthelmintic activity using indian adult earthworms (Pheretima posthuma). Ethanolic extract was found to be more potent and effective out of the four extracts.
Keywords: |
Jasminum grandiflorum, Anthelmintic, Jasmine flowers, Vermifuge, Vermicide, Helminthiasis
INTRODUCTION: Jasminum grandiflorum, also known variously as the Spanish jasmine, Royal jasmine, Catalonian jasmine is a species of jasmine belonging to the family Oleaceae. It is a scrambling deciduous shrub growing 2-4m tall. It is native of Asia, Kashmir, Afghanistan, and Persia ascending to an altitude of 700- 2700 m, cultivated in India, wild in subtropical North-West Himalayas, Western Ghats, Nilgiris, the hill of Tinnavally above 1400 m, France, Italy, China, Japan, India, Morocco, and Egypt.
The plant is documented to possess beneficial effects such as odontalgic, thermogenic, Aphrodisiac, antiseptic, emollient, anthelmintic, deobstruent, suppurative, tonic, in fixing loose teeth, ulcerative stomatitis, leprosy, skin diseases, otorrhea, otalgia, wounds, corns, and Aromatherapy. Our thorough literature search revealed an interesting fact that though the plant is a popular remedy for a variety of ailments, very little effort have been made to verify its efficacy through scientific screenings in an animal model and clinical trials 1.
Anthelmintics or antihelminthics are a group of antiparasitic drugs that expel parasitic worms (helminths) and other internal parasites from the body by either stunning or killing them and without causing significant damage to the host.
They may also be called vermifuges (those that stun) or vermicides (those that kill). They are used to treat people or animals that are infected by helminths, a condition called helminthiasis.
The present study highlights the anthelmintic activity of Jasminum grandiflorum flower extracts of hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and ethanol.
Taxonomical/ Scientific Classification 2:
Kingdom : Plantae- Plants
Subkingdom : Tracheobionts- Vascular plants
Division : Magnoliophyta- Flowering plants
Class : Magnoliopsida- Dicotyledons
Order : Scrophulariales
Family : Oleaceae- Olive family
Genus : Jasminum
Species : grandiflorum
Classical Names: Jati, Sauanasyayani, Sumama, Chetika, Hridyagandha, Malati, Rajaputrika 3, 4.
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
Collection and Identification of Plant Material: The fresh flowers of) Jasminum grandiflorum Linn (Oleaceae) was collected from the domestic source in and around Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. The specimen no: PARC/ 2016/3215. A voucher specimen was deposited in the Department herbarium library, Department of Pharmacognosy, Madras Medical College for reference.
Morphological Studies: The fresh flowers were studied morphologically.
Microscopical Studies: The dried flowers are coarsely powdered and used for powder microscopical studies. The powder was treated with phloroglucinol and hydrochloric acid, N/10 Iodine, Glycerin water and observed under the microscope.
Physiochemical Constants: 5-8 Shade dried powdered plant material of flowers of Jasminum grandiflorum Linn (Oleaceae), was used for the determination of physicochemical constants such as Determination of Ash Values (Total ash, Water soluble ash, Acid insoluble ash, Sulfated ash), determination of solvent extractive values (Water soluble extractive value, Alcohol soluble extractive value) and Loss on drying. The results are shown in Table 1.
Preparation of Extract: The fresh flowers of Jasminum grandiflorum Linn. (Oleaceae) were air dried in the shade and coarsely powdered to prevent the loss of active phytoconstituents, samples were kept under constant observation to avoid any fungal growth.
Extract Preparation: The dried coarsely powdered plant material of flowers of Jasminum grandiflorum Linn. (Oleaceae) were successively extracted using a soxhlet apparatus with solvents of increasing polarity such as hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, ethanol at 60-70 °C for 18 h. All the extracts were redistilled and concentrated under rotary vacuum evaporator. The extracts were tested for qualitative analysis.
Preliminary Phytochemical Evaluation: The preliminary phytochemical screenings of extracts were carried out as per standard procedures 9-15. The results were shown in Table 2.
Fluorescent Analysis 16-17: Fluorescent analysis was carried out according to the method of Chase and Pratt (1949) and Kokoshi et al., (1958) in daylight and UV light. The plant powders and extracts were treated with different solvents, and the florescence was observed in daylight and UV light and results were tabulated in Table 3 and 4
Thin Layer Chromatography: 18-19 The extracts were run in the following mobile phase.
n-butanol: Glacial acetic acid: Water – (4:1:5) HCl: Formic acid: Water – (19:39.6:41.4). The results were summarized in Table 5.
Pharmacological Studies:
In-vitro Anthelmintic Activity:
Preparation of the Extract: The hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and ethanol extracts were prepared by dissolving 5 mg, 10 mg, 50 mg of extracts of flowers of Jasminum grandiflorum Linn. (Oleaceae) in their respective solvents.
Earthworm: Indian adult earthworm (Pheretima postuma; Annelida, Megascolecidae) collected from moist soil and washed with normal saline to remove all matters were used for the study. The earthworm of 3-5cm in length and 0.1-0.2 cm in width were used due to its anatomical and physiological resemblance with the intestinal roundworm parasites of human beings.
Evaluation of Anthelmintic activity 20: Hexane, Chloroform, Ethyl acetate and Ethanol extracts of flowers of Jasminum grandiflorum L. (Oleaceae) were screened for anthelmintic activity. Four groups each containing one worm of approximately equal size was released into 10 ml of the desired formulation. Each group was treated with one of the following vehicles: Hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts of flowers of Jasminum grandiflorum Linn. (Oleaceae).
Observations were made for the time taken for paralysis and death of individual earthworm paralysis was said to occur when the worms do not revive even in normal saline. Death was concluded when the worms lose their motility followed with fading away of their body colors. The results were summarized in Table 6.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:
Pharmacognostical Studies: The results of Pharmacognostical studies are as follows.
Morphological Studies: Flowers are borne on the terminal or auxiliary cymes longer than leaves, white, tinged purple on the outside, fragrant; bracts ovate to spathulate, oblong, foliaceous, calyx glabrous, 5-lobed, star-shaped, elliptic or obovate. The corolla tube encloses 2 stamens borne on the short, slender filament
Microscopical Studies: The powder microscopy of flowers of Jasminum grandiflorum Linn. (Oleaceae) showed the following characters: The powder appeared as yellowish brown, fragments of spirally thickened xylem vessels and prismatic crystals of calcium oxalate, trichomes, small starch grains, and pollen grains.
TABLE 1: PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CONSTANT ANALYSIS OF FLOWERS OF JASMINUM GRANDIFLORUM
S. no. | Total ash % | Water soluble ash % | Acid-insoluble ash % | Water-soluble extractive value% | Alcohol soluble extractive value% | Loss on drying (g) |
1 | 14.02 | 6.08 | 4.22 | 3.81 | 3.71 | 0.2 |
2 | 13.06 | 5.55 | 3.66 | 3.64 | 3.50 | 0.3 |
3 | 13.58 | 6.12 | 3.92 | 3.82 | 3.49 | 0.1 |
4 | 12.96 | 4.48 | 4.01 | 5.20 | 3.00 | 0.1 |
5 | 13.99 | 5.91 | 2.99 | 3.64 | 4.41 | 0.2 |
MIN | 12.96 | 4.48 | 2.99 | 3.64 | 2.44 | 0.1 |
AVG | 13.52 | 5.62 | 3.76 | 4.02 | 3.12 | 0.18 |
MAX | 14.02 | 6.12 | 4.22 | 5.20 | 4.46 | 0.3 |
TABLE 2: PRELIMINARY PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING OF FLOWERS OF JASMINUM GRANDIFLORUM
S. no. | Phytoconstituents | Hexane | Chloroform | Ethyl acetate | Ethanol |
1 | Carbohydrates | - | - | + | + |
2 | Flavonoids | - | + | + | + |
3 | Glycosides | - | - | - | + |
4 | Alkaloids | - | - | + | + |
5 | Saponin | - | - | - | - |
6 | Phytosterols | - | - | - | - |
7 | Phenolic compounds | - | - | - | - |
8 | Proteins | - | - | - | + |
9 | Fixed oils and fats | + | - | - | - |
10 | Tannins | - | - | - | - |
11 | Triterpenoids | - | - | + | - |
12 | Gums and mucilage | - | - | - | - |
+ve – the presence of phytoconstituents
-ve – the absence of phytoconstituents
The qualitative chemical tests for the extracts showed the presence of steroids, triterpenoids and fixed oil in hexane extract and alkaloids, carbohydrates, proteins, and tannins in the alcoholic extract.
TABLE 3: FLUORESCENCE ANALYSIS OF POWDERED DRUG OF FLOWERS OF JASMINUM GRANDIFLORUM
S. no. | Powdered drug | Day Light | UV Light |
1 | Powder | Light brown | Brown |
2 | Powder + Water | Light brown | Pale brown |
3 | Powder + 1M HCl | Light brown | Pale brown |
4 | Powder + 1M HNO3 | Chocolate brown | Brown |
5 | Powder + 1M H2SO4 | Brown | Dark brown |
6 | Powder + 1M NaOH | Chocolate brown | Brown |
7 | Powder + Alcoholic NaOH | Yellowish brown | Yellowish brown |
8 | Powder + 1M KOH | Brown | Light brown |
9 | Powder + Alcoholic KOH | Dark brown | Pale brown |
10 | Powder + Ammonia | Yellowish brown | Dark brown |
TABLE 4: FLUORESCENCE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS EXTRACTS OF FLOWERS OF JASMINUM GRANDIFLORUM
Type of vehicle | Concentration used | Time taken (min) | |
For paralysis | For death | ||
Hexane | 5mg | 17.06 | 19.49 |
10mg | 15.23 | 16.22 | |
50mg | 14.39 | 15.58 | |
Chloroform | 5mg | 13.88 | 15.36 |
10mg | 12.56 | 13.33 | |
50mg | 9.37 | 12.09 | |
Ethyl acetate | 5mg | 9.56 | 11.22 |
10mg | 7.28 | 10.38 | |
50mg | 6.46 | 8.16 | |
Ethanol | 5mg | 7.08 | 8.58 |
10mg | 6.13 | 7.52 | |
50mg | 4.48 | 5.43 |
TABLE 5: TLC OF VARIOUS EXTRACTS OF FLOWERS OF JASMINUM GRANDIFLORUM
S. no. | Extracts | Solvent system | No. of Spots | Rf value |
1 | Hexane | n-butanol: Glacial acetic acid: Water – (4:1:5) | - | No spots |
2 | Chloroform | n-butanol: Glacial acetic acid: Water – (4:1:5) | 1 | 0.62 |
3 | Ethyl acetate | n-butanol: Glacial acetic acid: Water – (4:1:5) | 1 | 0.79 |
HCl: Formic acid: Water – (19:39.6:41.4) | 1 | 0.80 | ||
4 | Ethanol | n-butanol: Glacial acetic acid: Water – (4:1:5) | 1 | 0.87 |
HCl: Formic acid: Water – (19:39.6:41.4) | 1 | 0.90 |
FIG. 1: TLC OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF JASMINUM GRANDIFLORUM LINN. SOLVENT SYSTEM: N-BUTANOL: GLACIAL ACETIC ACID: WATER – (4:1:5)
TABLE 6: ANTHELMINTIC ACTIVITY OF FLOWERS OF JASMINUM GRANDIFLORUM
S. no. | Extracts | Daylight | UV Light |
1 | Hexane | Pale yellow | Yellow |
2 | Chloroform | Dark brown | Yellowish green |
3 | Ethyl acetate | Brownish yellow | Yellow |
4 | Ethanol | Brown | Pale brown |
FIG. 2: ANTHELMINTIC ACTIVITY OF JASMINUM GRANDIFLORUM FLOWER EXTRACTS
A) ETHANOLIC EXTRACT B) ETHYL ACETATE EXTRACT C) CHLOROFORM EXTRACT D) HEXANE EXTRACT
The effects of hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and ethanolic extracts on the earthworms were studied. The ethanolic extract at 50 mg showed significant anthelmintic activity.
CONCLUSION: The present study indicates that alcoholic extract of the flowers of Jasminum grandiflorum Linn. (Oleaceae), exerts significant anthelmintic activity. Our findings confirm that the traditional therapeutic claims of flowers of Jasminum grandiflorum Linn. (Oleaceae), shortly surely be able to replace the synthetic anthelmintic drugs to which there is an increased incidence of drug interactions. Further, the study of experiments involving activity guided fractionation is underway, and the study is also aimed at extensive investigation, isolation, and purification of active phytoconstituents which is responsible for the activity. It can be optimistic that the present work suggests an herbal drug of multiple therapeutic advantages and likely to be a Powerful anthelmintic drug from flowers of Jasminum grandiflorum Linn. (Oleaceae), can be recommended for the treatment of digestive disorders and its associated complications.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: We are grateful to Our Principal, Dr. Jerad Suresh, faculty members and lab assistants of our college, College of Pharmacy, Madras Medical College, for their encouragement and support in carrying out the work.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST: Nil
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How to cite this article:
Radha R, Aarthi CK, Santhoshkumar V and Thangakamatchi G: Pharmacognostical, phytochemical and anthelmintic activity on flowers of Jasminum grandiflorum Linn. (Oleaceae). Int J Pharmacognosy 2016; 3(10): 455-60. doi link: http://dx.doi.org/10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.IJP.3(10).455-60.
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Article Information
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455-460
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Engilsh
IJP
R. Radha *, C. K. Aarthi, V. Santhoshkumar and G. Thangakamatchi
Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Madras Medical College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
thangakamatchi74@gmail.com
02 September 2016
02 October 2016
27 October 2016
10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.IJP.3(10).455-60
31 October 2016