PHARMACOGNOSTIC AND PHYTOCHEMICAL EVALUATION OF LEAVES OF GARDENIA RESINIFERA ROTH.
HTML Full TextPHARMACOGNOSTIC AND PHYTOCHEMICAL EVALUATION OF LEAVES OF GARDENIA RESINIFERA ROTH.
S. S. Hindole * 1, Kusum Akki 2, M. S. Attar 3, S. R. Suryawanshi 3, N. S. Shaikh 3 and S. G. Zingade 3
Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 1, Channabasweshwar Pharmacy College 3, Latur -413512, Maharashtra, India.
Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 2, KLE’s College of Pharmacy, Hubli - 580031, Karnataka, India.
ABSTRACT: Gardenia resinifera Roth. is a medicinal plant belonging to family Rubiaceae. It is an important traditional medicinal plant employed in various indigenous system of medicine against several diseases. The current communication provides pharma-cognostic, physicochemical and phytochemical investigation carried out on the leaves of Gardenia resinifera Roth, which are useful in setting some diagnostic indices for the identification and preparation of a monograph of the plant.
Keywords: |
Gardenia resinifera Roth. The pharmacognostic study, Physicochemical study, Phytochemical analysis, Leaves
INTRODUCTION: Gardenias are members of the madder or Rubiaceae family. Gardenias are most prevalent in China, Japan, tropical regions of Southeast Asia and the Pacific islands, South Africa and India. Today there are over 200 different species of Gardenia mostly hybrid in existence throughout the world. Gardenia resinifera Roth. is commonly known as dikamali which belongs to the family Rubiaceae. It is a large glabrous shrub or small tree attaining a height up to 6-7.5 m high and found in different Hills and Ghati areas of India.
Different parts of this plant contain different phytoconstituents which are used to increase appetite, used as astringent, used to relieve the pain of bronchitis, in vomiting, liver disorders 1 constipation, and cutaneous diseases 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
Collection and Authentication: The Fresh leaves of Gardenia resinifera Roth. were collected from the local areas of Hubli-Dharwad district, Karnataka, India in June 2010 and authenticated by Dr. B. D. Huddar, Head of the Department of Botany, Shri Kadasiddheshwar Arts College, and H. S. Kotambari Science Institute, Vidyanagar, Hubli, and Karnataka, India.
Extraction: The leaves of Gardenia resinifera Roth. were washed under tap water and dried in the air under the shade at room temperature and converted to a coarse powder and stored in an airtight container. For the physicochemical investigation, 50 g of dried powder was successively extracted with different solvents such as petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and ethanol in increasing order of polarity using Soxhlet apparatus. The extracts were concentrated under reduced pressure using rotary flash evaporator, and the residues were dried in a desiccator over sodium sulfite. After drying, the respective extracts were weighed, and the percentage yield was determined and stored in airtight container 9, 14, 15, 16.
Pharmacognostic Studies:
Macroscopic Characteristics: For morphological observations, fresh leaves (approx. 6-20 cm in length) were used. And organoleptic features viz. color, odor, taste, shape, sizes were observed and evaluated botanically 7.
Microscopic Characteristics: The freehand section of the leaf was taken and stained by safranine for lignified cells and Sudan red for oil cells and then mounted in glycerine and observed under low power 8, 9 and powder microscopy was also carried out and their specific diagnostic characters were recorded 10.
Physico-Chemical Parameters: The physico-chemical parameters were like total ash value, loss on drying, water soluble ash, insoluble acid ash, petroleum ether, alcohol, and water-soluble extractive value, etc were determined as per who guidelines 11, 12.
Phytochemical Analysis: The qualitative phytochemical tests were carried out on all the extracts of Gardenia resinifera Roth. leaves to detect the presence of various Phytoconstituents7, 8, 13, 14.
RESULTS:
Macroscopic Characteristics: Macroscopically, the leaf was simple in composition, opposite, elliptic-oblong, entire, midrib distinct on both surfaces, leathery texture, wavy margin, narrowed leaf base, with acuminate apex, innately reticulate venation, the average leaf size was 06 to 20 cm (length)and 2.5 to 7.5 cm (width). The fresh leaf was green in color Fig. 1.
Morphological Evaluation of Gardenia resinifera Roth:
FIG. 1: GARDENIA RESINIFERA ROTH. LEAVES
TABLE 1: MORPHOLOGY OF THE LEAVES OF GARDENIA RESINIFERA ROTH.
S. no. | Features | Observation |
1 | Color | Green |
2 | Taste | Pungent |
3 | Odor | Aromatic |
4 | Size | 6.3-20 / 2.5-7.5 cm |
5 | Shape | Elliptic-oblong |
6 | Texture | Leathery |
7 | Margin | Wavy |
8 | Leaf base | Narrowed |
9 | Apex | Acuminate |
10 | Venation | Pinnately reticulate |
11 | Midrib | Distinct on both surfaces |
Microscopic Characteristics: The transverse section of Gardenia resinifera Roth. leaf showed the presence of upper and lower epidermis. The epidermis consists of single-layered polygonal cells covered with a thick, warty cuticle; some of the lower and upper epidermal cells are interrupted with the paracytic type of stomata and unicellular covering trichomes. Mesophyll region is differentiated into palisade cells and spongy parenchyma which contain prism type of calcium oxalate crystals. The midrib region consists of a collateral type of vascular bundles, and on either side of vascular bundle, collenchymatous cells are present below the upper and above the lower epidermis. Xylem was lignified, phloem was non-lignified, and it also contains mucilage with resin ducts. The salient diagnostic characteristics of leaf were the collateral type of vascular bundle, paracytic stomata, xylem vessels, mucilage with resin ducts and prismatic type of calcium oxalate crystals. These characters can be used for standardization of drugs and also used for the preparation of plant monographs Fig. 2.
Microscopical Evaluation of T. S. of Gardenia resinifera Roth. Leaves:
FIG. 2: T. S. OF GARDENIA RESINIFERA ROTH. LEAVES
Powder Study: The crude powder of Gardenia resinifera Roth. Leaf was dark green with characteristic odor and pungent taste. The diagnostic features of powder were prism type of calcium oxalate crystals present on the surface of epithelial cells. In surface view, fragments of epidermis were embedded with paracytic stomata, xylem vessels with spiral thickening and mucilage were observed Fig. 3.
Diagnostic Characters of Powdered Leaves of Gardenia resinifera Roth:
FIG. 3: POWDER MICROSCOPY
Physiochemical Investigations: The constant physical evaluation of the drugs is an important parameter in detecting adulteration or improper handling of drugs. The moisture content of dry powder of Gardenia resinifera Roth. leaves were 7.28% which is not very high; hence it would discourage bacteria, fungi or yeast growth. The ash value was determined by three different forms viz., total ash, water-soluble ash and acid insoluble ash. The total ash is particularly important in the evaluation of purity of drugs, i.e. the presence or absence of foreign inorganic matter such as metallic salts or silica. Acid-insoluble ash measures the amount of silica present, especially sand. Water soluble ash is the water-soluble portion of the total ash 24. The total ash of crude powder of Gardenia resinifera Roth. leaf was 8%; water-soluble ash was 3%, and acid insoluble ash was 1%. Less amount of these three parameters indicate that the inorganic matter and silica was less in Gardenia resinifera Roth. leaves. The extractive value of crude powder was maximum in water (18.4%) followed by alcohol (16%) and the minimum was in petroleum ether (3.2%) Table 2.
TABLE 2: PHYSIOCHEMICAL INVESTIGATIONS
S. no. | Parameter | Determined value (% w/w ) |
(A) Extractive value | ||
1 | Petroleum ether soluble Extractive value | 3.2% |
2 | Alcohol soluble
extractive value |
16% |
3 | Water soluble
extractive value |
18.4% |
(B) Moisture content | ||
1 | Total Moisture content | 7.28% |
(C) Ash values | ||
1 | Total ash | 8% |
2 | Acid-insoluble ash | 1% |
3 | Water soluble ash | 3% |
Phytochemical Analysis: The results of the qualitative phytochemical analysis of the crude powder extract of Gardenia resinifera Roth. leaves are shown in Table 3. Qualitative chemical examinations of various extracts revealed the presence of steroids in pet ether extract, carbohydrates in chloroform and ethanolic extracts, phenolic compounds, tannins and flavonoids in ethyl acetate and ethanolic extracts, glycosides in ethanolic extract respectively Table 3.
TABLE 3: QUALITATIVE CHEMICAL ANALYSIS PERFORMED ON SUCCESSIVE EXTRACTS OF GARDENIA RESINIFERA ROTH. DRIED LEAVES
Phyto-constituents | Pet. ether extract | CHCl3 extract | Ethyl acetate extract | EtOH extract |
Carbohydrates | - | + | - | + |
Glycosides | - | - | - | + |
Phytosterol steroids | + | - | _ | - |
Triterpenoids | - | - | - | - |
Tannins & Phenolic group | - | - | + | + |
Alkaloids | - | - | - | - |
Flavonoids | - | - | + | + |
ETOH = Ethanolic, P. E. = Petroleum Ether, CHCl3 = Chloroform, E. A. = Ethyl acetate. + = Present, - = Absent.
CONCLUSION: As there is no pharmacognostic work on a record of this traditionally much-valued drug, the present work was taken up to lay down standards, which could be useful to establish the authenticity of this medicinally useful plant. Macro and microscopically standards discussed here can be considered as identifying parameters to authenticate the drug. In the present study, we have found that most of the biologically active phytochemical were present in the ethanolic extract and crude powder of Gardenia resinifera Roth. leaves. The medicinal properties of Gardenia resinifera Roth. leaves may be due to the presence of the above mentioned phytochemical. Further studies are in progress about this drug in our laboratory.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: The authors thank Prof. Kusum S. Akki Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmacognosy and Phyto-chemistry, K.L.E.s College of Pharmacy, Hubli- 580031, Karnataka, India. And also to Late Dr. R. V. Savadi Head, Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, and to Institute of K.L.E.s College of Pharmacy, Hubli - 580031, Karnataka, India for providing excellent research facilities. And also Dr. B. D. Huddar, Head of the Department of Botany, Shri Kadasiddheshwar Arts College and H. S. Kotambari Science Institute, Vidyanagar, Hubli, and Karnataka, India.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST: Nil
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How to cite this article:
Hindole SS, Akki K, Attar MS, Suryawanshi SR, Shaikh NS and Zingade SG: Pharmacognostic and phytochemical evaluation of leaves of Gardenia resinifera Roth. Int J Pharmacognosy 2018; 5(10): 673-77. doi link: http://dx.doi.org/10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.IJP.5(10).673-77.
This Journal licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non-commercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported License.
Article Information
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673-677
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English
IJP
S. S. Hindole *, K. Akki, M. S. Attar, S. R. Suryawanshi, N. S. Shaikh and S. G. Zingade
Department of Pharmacognosy, Channabasweshwar College of Pharmacy, Latur, Maharashtra, India.
sunil.pharmalink@gmail.com
20 August 2018
25 September 2018
30 September 2018
10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.IJP.5(10).673-77
01 October 2018