ETHANOMEDICINAL, PHYTOCHEMICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION OF OCIMUM TENUIFLORUM LINN.
HTML Full TextETHANOMEDICINAL, PHYTOCHEMICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION OF OCIMUM TENUIFLORUM LINN.
U. K. Ilyas 1, Deepshikha P. Katare 2 and Vidhu Aeri * 1
Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 1, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi - 110062, Delhi, India.
Proteomic and Translational Research Lab 2, Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida - 201313, Uttar Pradesh, India.
ABSTRACT: Ocimum tenuiflorum Linn. commonly known as holy basil, tulsi is an aromatic perennial plant in the family Lamiaceae. It is native to the Indian subcontinent and cultivated plant throughout the Southeast Asian tropics, where the leaves, seeds ad stem of tulsi are used for valuable source of culinary and traditional medicinal uses. Indian material medica describes the use of the plants in a variety of ailments such as immunostimulatory effect, gastric antiulcer activity, diabetics mellitus, hyperlipidemia, wound healing effects, protective effect, chemopreventive activity, and blood pressure, etc. The present review aims to summarize up to date information on the ethnomedicinal, phytochemical and pharmacological activity. Until now, highly complex natural molecules have identified including fixed oils, essential oils, triterpenes, flavonoids, flavonoid glycosides, polysaccharides, phenolic glycoside, lignans, and norlignans. In addition to solvent extracts, these individual active compounds have been suggested for ethano-pharmacological activities. Although the results are promising in-vitro and in-vivo preclinical studies, clinical studies are insufficient; therefore, further investigation of each active compound need to be done to validate its therapeutic effects and to ensure its toxicity, safety, and efficacy.
Keywords: |
Ocimum tenuiflorum Linn., Phytochemistry, Bioactivity, Polyphenols, Neolignan
INTRODUCTION: Ocimum sanctum Linn. (Sanskrit: Tulasi; Family: Lamiaceae), popularly called holy basil or Ocimum teinufolium is widely distributed almost covering entire India. Many therapeutic activities have been attributed to the Tulsi plant, not only in Ayurveda and Siddha but also in Unani, Greek, and Roman System of Medicine for various ailments.
Herbal extracts are included in Ayurvedic remedies for the common cold, stomach disorders, headache, and heart disease, inflammation, malaria, and diverse forms of poisoning.
It is an erect, much divided subordinate shrub, 34-62 cm height, with simple opposite green or purple leaves; leaf: dark green to green in color, opposite arrangement, stipule, absent, petiole and are ovate, up to 5 cm long, usually somewhat toothed; margin: serrated, fluorescence: raceme type, floral bracts: caudiform in shape, flowers: vertical, 5-7 mm in length, calyx; greenish in colour, 5 in number, corolla; bilabiate in shape and covered with scattered hair, white petals, stamen: 4, filament length is 1 mm, filament color is white; ovary; absent, style: single style, color is white, fruit: none seed; plant is prolific producer of seed; seed is very small, white in color, stem is covered with minute hairs Fig. 1.
Scientific Classification:
Kingdom | : | Plantae |
(Unranked) | : | Angiosperms |
(Unranked) | : | Eudicots |
(Unranked) | : | Asterids |
Division | : | Magnoliophyta |
Order | : | Lamiales |
Family | : | Lamiaceae |
Genus | : | Ocimum |
Species | : | teinufolium |
Phytochemical Review: Several nutrients and bioactive molecules have been found in O. sanctum. The quantity of these phytoconstituents depends on the nature of soil, climate, processing, harvesting and storage techniques. The various chemical constituents reported in O. sanctum are listed in Table 1.
FIG. 1: OCIMUM SANCTUM LINN.
TABLE 1: THE REPORTED CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF O. SANCTUM LINN.
Plant Part | Category of Constituents | Name of the
Constituent |
References |
Leaves | Flavonoid
glycosides |
Ocimumosides A and B, ocimarin and apigenin,apigenin-7-o-β-D-glucopyranoside, apigenin -7-O-β-D-glucuronic acid, luteolin, luteolin- 7-O-β-D-glucuronic acid, | 1 |
Seed | Fixed oil | palmitic acid,stearic, oleic, linoleic and linolenic | 2 |
Leaves | Polysaccharide | Mucopolysaccharide, hyaluronic acid | 3 |
Leaves | Volatile oil | Eugenol, methyl eugenol and caryophyllene | 4 |
Seed | Phenolic acid | Rosmarinic acid 6 | 5 |
Leaves | Neolignan | -allyl-3’,8-dimethoxy-flavan-3,4’-diol, 6-allyl-3-(4-allyl-2-methoxyphenoxy)-3’, 8-dimethoxyflavan-4’-ol, 5-allyl-3-(4-allyl-2-methoxyphenoxymethyl)-2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-7-methoxy-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran, 2-bis (4-allyl-2-methoxyphenyl)-2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-7-methoxy-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran, 2-bis (4-allyl-2-methoxyphenoxy)-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-3-methoxypropane, 2-bis (4-allyl-2-methoxyphenoxy)-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-3-mehoxypropane, 11-(4-hydroxy-3-methoyphenyl)-1,2,3tris (-allyl-2-methxyphenoxy) propane, 1-allyl-4-(5-allyl-2-hydrxy-3-methoxyphenoxy)-3-(4-allyl-2-methoxyphenoxy)-5-methoxybenene, 3-(5-allyl-2-hydroxy-3-metoxyphenyl)-1-(4-allyl-2-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenxy)-prop-1-ene | 6 |
Leaves / aerial parts | Phenolic compounds | Aesculectin –glucuronide, triacontanol ferulate, vicenin-2-, circineol, gallic acid, galuteolin, isorientin, isovitexin, circineol, luteolin, molludistin, orientin, procatechuic acid, stigmasterol, ursolic acid, vallinin, viceni,vitexin, vallinin acid | 7, 8, 9 |
Whole
plant |
Vitamin and
mineral contents |
Vitamin C, vitamin A, vitamin E, calcium,
phosphorus, chromium, copper, carotene, zinc, iron, nickel |
7, 10 |
Leaves | Essential oil | Aromadendrene oxide, borneol, caryophyllene oxide, bornyl acetate, benzaldehyde, veridifloro, cubenol, cardinene, d-limonene, eicosane, eucalyptol, eugenol, methyl eugenol, farnesense, farnesol, furaldehyde, germacrene, heptanol, humulene, limonene, cis-α-Terpineol, n-butyl benzoate, ocimene, oleic acid, sabinene, selinene, α-camphene, α-pinene, camphor, α-myrcene, β-pinene, α-Thujene, β-Guaiene, β-gurjunene, methyl chavicol, linalool, circimaritin, phytol, isothymusin, apigenin, rosameric acid, octane, cadinene, borneol | 8, 11, 12 |
Seeds | Fixed oil | Stearic acid, linoleic acid, oleic acid, palmitric acid, linolenic acid, sitosterol, linodilinolin, dilinoleno-linolins, hexoureic acid | 7, 13 |
Ethanopharmacological Review: As per the available literature, the plant is found to be hepatoprotective, immunomodulatory, anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-ulcer and as an antibacterial agent. Some of the reported pharmacological activities of O. sanctum are mentioned with scientific evidence in Table 2.
TABLE 2: THE REPORTED PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF OCIMUM SANCTUM LINN.
Plant Part | Type of Extract | Model of Study | Activity | References |
Leaves | Aqueous | In-vivo | Hyperlipidemic | 14 |
Leaves | Alcoholic | In-vivo | Antioxidant | 15 |
Leaves | Hexane | In-vitro | Sexual disease | 16 |
Leaves | Aqueous, alcoholic | Toxicity studies | Wound healing, antioxidant | 17 |
Leaves | Alcoholic | In-vivo | Cardiac | 18 |
Leaves | Ethanolic | In-vivo | CNS | 19 |
Leaves | Ethanolic | In-vitro | Diabetic Mellitus | 20 |
Leaves | Ethanolic | In-vivo | Anti-ulcerogenic | 21 |
Leaves | Alcoholic | In-vivo | Antinociceptive | 22 |
Seed | P. ether | Cell line | Immunomodulatory | 23 |
Seed | - | In vitro | Chemopreventive | 24 |
Leaves, stem, root, flower | Ethanolic | In-vitro | Antiplasmodial activity | 25 |
Leaves | Ethanolic | In-vitro | Human monocyte (THP-1) cell activation | 26 |
Whole plant | Methanolic | In-vitro | Influenza virus (H1N1) | 27 |
Seed | Essential oil | In-vitro | Induce apoptosis in Candida albicans | 28 |
Leaf | Aqueous | In-vivo | Antiplasmodial activity | 29 |
Whole plant | Essential oil | Ex-vivo and in- vivo | Antibacterial and anti-inflammatory | 30 |
Whole plant | Essential oil | In-vitro | Antimicrobial and antioxidant activity | 31 |
Whole plant | Essential oil & Ethanolic | In-vivo | Anti-inflammatory, gastrointestinal and hepatoprotective effects | 32 |
Whole plant | Hydroalcoholic | In-vivo | Neuroprotective activity | 33 |
Whole plant | Ethanolic | In-vivo | Anti-aging, anti-stress and ROS scavenging activity | 34 |
Whole plant | Ethanolic | In-vivo | Anticancer | 35 |
- | - | In-vivo | Chemopreventive activity | 36 |
Leaf | Ethanolic | In-vivo | Human pancreatic cancer cell | 37 |
Whole plant | Ethanolic | In-vivo | Mutagenic potential | 38 |
Whole plant | Ethanolic | In-vivo | Stress-induced anxiety | 39 |
Whole plants | Ethanolic | In-vivo | Stress-induced central monoaminergic and oxidative changes in rats | 40 |
Whole plants | Ethanolic | In-vivo | Fatigue stress | 41 |
Leaves | Ethanolic | In-vitro | Typhoid fever | 42 |
Whole | Ethanolic | In-vivo | Cerebral ischemia/ reperfusion | 43 |
Whole | Methanolic | In-vivo | Anti-dengue activity | 44 |
Whole | Aqueous | In-vivo | Ameliorative activity | 45 |
Leaves | Ethanolic | In-vivo | Lipid lowering and antioxidant activity | 46 |
Whole | Ethanolic | Ex-vivo | Larvicidal activity | 47 |
Whole | Ethanolic | Ex-vivo | Antifungal activity | 48 |
Leaf | Alcoholic and aqueous | In-vivo | Cognitive disorders | 49 |
Aerial parts | Hydroalcoholic extracts | In-vivo | Anti-diabetic activity | 50 |
Whole plant | Aqueous | In-vivo | Anti-diabetic activity | 51 |
Leaves | Alcoholic | In-vivo | Hepatoprotective activity | 52 |
Leaves | Hydroalcoholic | In vivo | Antioxidant activity | 15 |
Leaf | Aqueous | In-vitro | Thrombolytic activity | 53 |
Leaf | Alcoholic | In vivo | Effect on sperm count and reproductive hormones | 54 |
Leaves | Hydroalcoholic | In-vivo | Antimelanoma and radioprotective activity | 55 |
Seed | Fixed oil | In-vivo | Anti-hyperlipidemic and cardioprotective activity | 56 |
Leaves | Ethanolic | In-vivo | Anxiety and depression | 57 |
Leaves | Aqueous | In-vivo | Anxiety and depression | 58 |
Leaves | Powder | In-vivo | Reversal of cadmium-induced oxidative stress | 59 |
Leaf | Essential oil | Ex-vivo | Antifungal activity | 28 |
Leaves | Aqueous | Ex-vivo | Wound healing activity | 60 |
Leaves | Ethanolic | In-vivo | Effect on homocysteine levels and lipid profile | 61 |
Leaves | Ethanolic | In-vivo | Effect on macrophage function and oxidative stress | 62 |
Leaves | Essential oil | Ex-vivo | Anti-candidal activity | 63 |
Leaves | Essential oil | In-vivo | Respiratory tract infection | 64 |
Leaves | Ethanolic | In-vivo | Cardioprotective activity | 65 |
Leaves | Aqueous | In-vivo | H2O2 induced cytotoxicity changes in human lens epithelial cells | 66 |
Leaves | Ethyl acetate | In-vivo | Leishmanicidal activity | 6 |
Seed | Essential oil | In-vivo | Immune response | 67 |
Leaves | Ethanolic | In-vivo | Arsenic induced toxicity | 68 |
Leaves | Ethanolic | In-vivo | Anti-fertility activity | 69 |
Leaves | Aqueous | Ex-vivo | Nematicidal | 70 |
Leaves | Aqueous | In vivo | Humoral immune response | 71 |
Leaves | Alcoholic | In vivo | Modulatory activity | 72 |
Leaves | Water or hydroalcoholic | In-vivo | Radioprotective activity | 73 |
Leaves | Alcoholic | In-vivo | Anti-diabetic activity | 74 |
Leaves | Alcoholic | In-vivo | Radioprotection | 75 |
Leaves | Alcoholic | In-vivo | Regulation of thyroid function | 76 |
Leaves | Alcoholic | In-vivo | Anti-inflammatory | 2 |
Leaves | Volatile | In-vivo | Anthelmintic activity | 77 |
Leaves | Alcoholic | In-vitro | Radioprotective, anticarcinogenic and antioxidant properties | 78 |
Seed | Oils | In-vivo | Chemopreventive activity | 24 |
Whole | Ethanolic | In-vivo | Radiation protection of human lymphocyte chromosomes | 79 |
Whole | Ethanolic | In-vivo | Anti-atherogenic activity | 80 |
Leaves | Aqueous | In-vivo | Cardioprotective activity | 81 |
Leaves | Alcoholic | In-vivo | Antinociceptive action | 22 |
Leaves | Ethanolic | In vivo | Anti-diabetic activity | 82 |
Seed | Oils | In-vivo | Immunomodulatory | 23 |
Leaves | Aqueous | In vivo | Anti-diabetic activity | 20 |
Leaves | Ethanolic | In-vivo | Cardioprotective activity | 21 |
Leaves | Fixed oils | In-vivo | Hypertensive activity | 83 |
Leaves | Ethanolic | In-vivo | Myocardial necrosis | 84 |
Leaves | Ethanolic | In-vivo | Oral cancer | 85 |
Leaves | Ethanolic | In vivo | Acute noise stress | 19 |
Whole | Ethanolic | In-vivo | Hypoglycemic activity | 86 |
leaves | Water and aqueous | In-vivo and
in-vitro |
Inhibition of lipid peroxidation | 87
|
Leaves | Methanolic | In-vivo | Antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity | 11 |
Whole | Ethanolic | Ex-vivo | Nitric oxide scavenging activity | 88 |
Leaves, stem | Ethanolic, chloroform | In-vivo | Anticonvulsant activity | 89 |
Leaves | Ethanolic extract | In-vivo | Hepatoprotective activity | 90 |
Whole | Ethanolic | In-vitro | Lens aldose reductase inhibitor | 91 |
Whole | Ethanolic | In-vitro | Modulates selenite exposed management of rat lens opacification and cataractogenic changes and | 92 |
Whole | Aqueous | In-vivo | Protective activity | 93 |
Leaves | Aqueous | In-vivo | Protective effect against Cr/Hg induced genetic damage | 94 |
Seed | Oils | In-vivo | Anti-diabetic, anti-hypercholesterolemia and antioxidant effect | 95 |
Leaves | Ethanolic | In-vivo | stimulate insulin from clonal pancreatic beta cells and perfused pancreas isolated islets | 96 |
Leaves | Ethanolic | In-vivo | Anti-diabetic activity | 20 |
Leaves | Ethanolic | In-vivo | Hypoglycemic and antioxidant | 97 |
Leaves | Ethanolic | In-vivo | Anti-ulcerogenic and ulcer-healing properties | 21 |
Leaves | Aqueous | In-vivo | Ameliorating 131 iodine-induced damage to the salivary glands | 93 |
Leaves | Ethanolic | In-vivo | Anti-tussive activity | 98 |
Leaves | Methanolic | In-vivo | Gastric mucosal offensive and defensive factors | 99 |
Leaves | Aqueous | In-vivo | Immunotherapeutic potential | 100 |
Leaves | Ethanolic | In-vivo | Anti-stressor activity | 101 |
Leaves | Ethanolic | In-vivo | Inhibit DMBA induced genotoxicity and oxidative stress | 102 |
Leaves | Ethanolic | In-vivo | Anti-stress activity | 1 |
Leaves | Ethanolic | In-vitro | Modulatory activity | 103 |
Leaves | Ethanolic | In-vitro | Anti-metastatic activity | 104 |
Leaves | Ethanolic | In-vivo | Anxiety disorder | 105 |
Leaves | Ethanolic | In-vivo | Ameliorative effect | 106 |
Leaves | Aqueous | In-vivo | Pretension of insulin resistances | 107 |
Leaves | Hydroalcoholic | In-vivo | Peptic ulcer | 108 |
Leaves | Ethanolic | In-vivo | Anti-diabetogenic properties | 109 |
Whole | Aqueous | In-vivo | Wound healing activity | 3 |
Whole | Hydroalcoholic | In-vivo | Cardiac changes in rats | 18 |
CONCLUSION: Holy basil has been widely used for curing various ailments due to great pharmacological and phytochemical moieties, therefore, a review of the plant has been summarized up-to-date information on the ethnomedicinal, phytochemical and pharmacological activity.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: Nil
CONFLICT OF INTEREST: Nil
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How to cite this article:
Ilyas UK, Katare DP and Aeri V: Ethanomedicinal, phytochemical and pharmacological investigation of Ocimum tenuiflorum Linn. Int J Pharmacognosy 2019; 6(7): 228-36. doi link: http://dx.doi.org/10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.IJP.6(7).228-36.
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Article Information
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English
IJP
U. K. Ilyas, D. P. Katare and V. Aeri *
Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, Delhi, India.
vdhuaeri@yahoo.com
28 June 2019
18 July 2019
29 July 2019
10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.IJP.6(7).228-36
31 July 2019