A REVIEW ARTICLE ON RHODIOLA ROSEA: AN ADAPTOGEN HAVING MULTIPLE BENEFITS
HTML Full TextA REVIEW ARTICLE ON RHODIOLA ROSEA: AN ADAPTOGEN HAVING MULTIPLE BENEFITS
Pradnya Nilesh Jagtap *, Omkar S. Mhetre and Poonam R. Malavdkar
Department of Pharmacology, PDEA’s Seth Govind Raghunath Sable College of Pharmacy, Saswad, Pune - 412301, Maharashtra, India.
ABSTRACT: Rhodiola rosea is a plant that has become more popular due to its multiple benefits and less side effects. It has become more famous due to its adaptogenic properties. This herb has been used from a long time by Greeks (77 CE), Chinese, Russians, Monglions, Germans, and some parts of middle Asia for different purposes. In this review article, we have collected some detailed information about multiple uses of Rhodiola rosea with its mechanism of action, chemical constituents, side effects, contraindications, and related information based on their research, which is collected from different sources. The aim of this article is to provide some important information about the benefits of Rhodiola rosea and its possible uses in the management of various diseases on the basis of the clinical research conducted by different experts and researchers.
Keywords: |
Rhodiola rosea, Adaptogen, Golden root, Antidepressant, Neuroprotective, Antioxidant
INTRODUCTION: Rhodiola rosea (R. rosea) is a botanical adaptogen with putative anti-stress and antidepressant properties. Evidence-based data supporting the effectiveness of R. rosea for depression in adults is limited, and therefore a comprehensive review of available animal and human studies suggesting a putative antidepressant action is warranted 1. It is commonly known as ‘golden root,’ ‘arctic root,’ ‘roseroot,’ ‘king’s crown and ‘aaron’s rod’ around various parts of the world, Rhodiola rosea (R. rosea) belongs to Rhodiola genus of the Crassulaceae plant family. This herb usually appears at high altitudes in the Arctic area and across Eastern Europe and Asia, particularly in the Northern latitudes.
For many centuries, this unique herb has held a prominent place in traditional medicine systems across Asia, Europe, and Russia. It was in 77 CE when the Greek physician Dioscorides first recorded the medicinal usage of rodiariza, which was later renamed as Rhodiola rosea by Linnaeus 2. Due to its purported adaptogenic properties, it has been studied for its performance-enhancing capabilities in healthy populations and its therapeutic properties in a number of clinical populations 3. More recently, R. rosea has received attention from the scientific community for its potential therapeutic capacity as an adaptogen.
Adaptogen is the most common natural herbal products, which are non-toxic in normal doses, produce a non-specific response, and have a normalizing physiologic influence 4. R. rosea has been referred to as an ergogenic aid, i.e., an herb used to enhance physical and mental performance. Common indications pertaining to the adaptogenic and ergogenic capacity of R. rosea include performance enhancement, fatigue reduction, and alleviation of depression symptoms. Existing reviews suggest a benefit in physical and mental performance attributable to Rhodiola rosea however such reviews fail to critically appraise included literature 5, 6.
FIG. 1: RHODIOLA ROSEA PLANT 61
History: In 1961, G. V. Krylov, a Russian botanist and taxonomist in the Department of Botany at the Novosibirsk Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, led an expedition to the cedar taiga in the Altai Mountains of southern Siberia where he located and identified the "golden root" as Rhodiola rosea 7. Traditional folk medicine used R. rosea to increase physical endurance, work productivity, longevity, and resistance to high altitude sickness and to treat fatigue, depression, anemia, impotence, gastrointestinal ailments, infections, and nervous system disorders. In mountain villages of siberia, a bouquet of roots is still given to couples prior to marriage to enhance fertility and assure the birth of healthy children 8. In Middle Asia, R. rosea tea was the most effective treatment for cold and flu during severe Asian winters. Mongolian doctors prescribed it for tuberculosis and cancer 9. In 1755 R. rosea was included in the first Swedish pharmacopeia. vikings used the herb to enhance their physical strength and endurance 10. German researchers described the benefits of R. rosea for pain, headache, scurvy, hemorrhoids, as a stimulant, and as an anti-inflammatory 11, 12.
Chemical Composition: About 140 chemical compounds are in the subterranean portions of R. rosea 13.
Rhodiola roots contain phenols, rosavin, rosin, rosarin, organic acids, terpenoids, phenolic acids, and their derivatives, flavonoids, anthraquinones, alkaloids, tyrosol and salidroside 14, 15.
FIG. 2: STRUCTURES OF SALIDROSIDE AND ROSAVIN
The chemical composition of the essential oil from R. rosea root growing in different countries varies. For example, rosavin, rosarin, and rosin at their highest concentration according to many tests can be found only in R. rosea of Russian origin; the main component of the essential oil from Rhodiola growing in Bulgaria are geraniol and myrtenol; in China, the main components are geraniol and 1-octanol; and in India, the main component is phenethyl alcohol. Cinnamyl alcohol was discovered only in the sample from Bulgaria. Although rosavin, rosarin, rosin, and salidroside (and sometimes p-tyrosol, rhodioniside, rhodiolin, and rosiridin) are among suspected active ingredients of R. rosea, these compounds are mostly polyphenols. There are no peer-reviewed studies demonstrating that these chemicals have any physiological effect in humans that could prevent or reduce the risk of disease 16. Salidroside (Rrhodioloside) is a glucoside of tyrosol found in the plant Rhodiola rosea 17. Salidroside may be more active than rosavin, 18, 19, even though many commercially marketed Rhodiola rosea extracts are standardized for rosavin content rather than salidroside.
Although, these phytochemicals are typically mentioned as specific to Rhodiola rosea extract’s, rosea and other Rhodiola species contain many other constituent polyphenols, including proanthocyanidins, quercetin, gallic acid, chlorogenic acid and kaempferol 20.
Clinical Research: A randomized, double-blind clinical trial (Darbinyan V et al. 2007) compared two different doses of a standardized extract from Rhodiola rosea L. (SHR-5) to placebo for 6 weeks in 89 milds to moderately depressed patients. The Rhodiola group showed improvement in overall depression and symptoms such as insomnia, emotional stability, and also self-esteem for the higher dose group. Indeed, important positive outcomes were mood stabilization and energy restoration 21. Another study (LishmanovIuB et al. 1987) found that when Rhodiola rosea L. administered to rats, injections of the plant extract prevented stress-induced elevations of beta-endorphins, adrenocorticotropic hormone, cortisol, insulin, thyroxin and triiodothyronine 22. Some publications on clinical efficacy have demonstrated that Rhodiola extracts are helpful for learning and memory, especially concentration and that they are extremely helpful for patients with mild-to-moderate depression. A double-blinded RCT pilot study examined the effect of a repeated low dose of R. rosea on foreign students’ mental and physical well-being during their examination period 23.
Subjects were randomized into 2 groups to receive either 100 mg R. rosea once per day or identical placebo for 20 days. Hand-eye coordination (maze test), motoric speed (tapping test), mental work capacity (correction of text test), fatigue and well-being (self-evaluation questionnaire), heart rate, and physical work capacity (bicycle ergometer test) were assessed. Significant improvements were observed in hand-eye coordination (p < 0.01), mental fatigue, and general-well being (p < 0.01) in favor of R. rosea. Students on placebo had a significantly higher heart rate (p < 0.05). Drop-outs and adverse events were not reported by authors 24.
Research has suggested that Rhodiola is effective in asthenic conditions (decline in work performance, sleep difficulties, poor appetite, irritability, hypertension, headaches, and fatigue) developing subsequent to intense physical or intellectual strain. Research has suggested that Rhodiola is effective in asthenic conditions (decline in work performance, sleep difficulties, poor appetite, irritability, hypertension, headaches, and fatigue) developing subsequent to intense physical or intellectual strain 25.
Single acute doses of R. rosea extract exerted significant antidepressant and anxiolytic effects in mice at doses of 10, 15, and 20 mg/kg 26. Animal models of nicotine addiction show Rhodiola to increase and lessen the anxiety symptoms of nicotine withdrawal compared with control 27.
Mechanism of Action: Many of Rhodiola’s mood, stress, and cognition-enhancing effects are credited to effects on monoamines in the CNS. Animal investigation and molecular studies suggest Rhodiola to increase5-hydroxytryptamine 28, 29, and serotonin receptor expression and to act as µ-opioid receptor 30, 31, and κ-opiate receptor 32 agonists, promoting the release of β-endorphin and exerting an anxiolytic, antiarrhythmic and hypotensive action 33. Chen et al. previously demonstrated that Rhodiola rosea extract is able to improve the level of 5-HT in the hippocampus in an animal model 34. Rhodiola rosea to rats for 10 days modulated biogenic monoamines in the cerebral cortex, brain stem, and hypothalamus. In the cerebral cortex and brain stem, levels of norepinephrine and dopamine decreased, while the amount of serotonin increased substantially. In the hypothalamus, the results were reversed with a 3-fold increase in the amount of norepinephrine and dopamine and a trend toward reduced serotonin levels. It is believed these changes in monoamine levels are a result of Rhodiola rosea inhibiting the activity of the enzymes responsible for monoamine degradation, monoamine oxidase, and catechol-O-methyl-transferase. It is also believed Rhodiola rosea facilitates the transport of neurotransmitters within the brain 35. It has been reported that Rhodiola rosea, a traditional Tibetan medicine plant in China, can treat acute mountain sickness through inhibiting HIF-1 degradation pathway 36.
Benefits of Rhodiola Rosea:
1. Stress Reduction: Rhodiola has long been known as an adaptogen, a natural substance that increases your body’s resistance to stress in non-specific ways. One study investigated the effects of rhodiola extract in 101 people with life- and work-Related stress. Participants were given 400 mg per day for four weeks 37. It found significant improvements in symptoms of stress, such as fatigue, exhaustion, and anxiety, after just three days. These improvements continued throughout the study. In the test of swimming “to the limit,” Rhodiola rosea administration increased the swimming time of rats 135-159 percent. The working capacity of the rats consistently improved throughout the supplementation period 38.
2. Can Fight Fatigue: Due to its adaptogenic properties, rhodiola is thought to help alleviate fatigue. One four-week study in 60 people with stress-related fatigue looked at its effects on the quality of life and symptoms of fatigue, depression, and attention. Participants received either 576 mg of Rhodiola or a placebo pill daily. It found that Rhodiola had a positive effect on fatigue levels and attention, compared to the placebo 39.
In one study (Abidov et al. 2003) the effects of oral treatment with an ethanolic extract (ethanol 40%) from Rhodiola rosea (50 mg/kg) and Rhodiola crenulata (50 mg/kg) roots on the duration of exhaustive swimming and ATP content in mitochondria of skeletal muscles in rats were investigated. Treatment with Rhodiola rosea extracts significantly (by 24.6%) prolonged the duration of exhaustive swimming in comparison with control rats and rats treated with Rhodiola crenulata 40.
3. Antidepressant: Rhodiola rosea has also been suggested to have antidepressant properties by balancing the neurotransmitters in your brain 41, 42, 43. Clinical assessment of R. rosea L. rhizome extracts in humans with various depressive syndromes is based upon results from two randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials of 146 subjects with major depressive disorder and seven open-label studies totaling 714 individuals with stress-induced mild depression (diagnosed as an asthenic syndrome or psychoneurosis). Overall, the results of these studies suggest a possible antidepressant action for R. rosea extract in adult humans 44. The methanol and water extracts exhibited respectively inhibitions of 92.5% and 84.3% on MAO-A and 81.8% and 88.9% on MAO B, at a concentration of 100 μg/ml. The most active compound (Rosiridin) presented an inhibition of over 80% on MAO B at a concentration of 10(-5) M (pIC50=5.38+/-0.05). The present investigation demonstrates that Rhodiola rosea L. roots have potent anti-depressant activity by inhibiting MAO-A and may also find application in the control of senile dementia by their inhibition of MAO B 45.
4. Cardioprotective: Cardioprotective effects of R. rosea include: prevention of stress-induced cardiac damage 46, 47, 48 decreased myocardial catecholamines and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels; and reduced adrenal catecholamine release 46, 47.
5. Anti-aging: Rhodiola rosea extract SHR-5 was shown to increase the mean and maximum life-span of the fruit fly up to 24% and 31%, respectively 49. Nevertheless, mechanisms for the anti-aging effects of Rhodiola rosea extracts are still largely unknown. Rhodiola rosea extracts can extend lifespan at different caloric levels.
The effect of R. rosea extracts on lifespan was independent of caloric restriction-related signaling pathways, including SIR2 proteins, insulin, and insulin-like growth factor signaling and the TOR in fruit flies 50.
6. Anti-anxiety: One study found evidence to suggest that Rhodiola rosea may reduce symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder. Ten people were included in this study, and they took 340 mg of Rhodiola rosea extract for 10 weeks. A significant improvement in GAD symptoms was found with R. rosea. Individuals treated with R. rosea showed significant decreases in mean Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HARS) scores at endpoint (t = 3.27, p = 0.01) 51.
7. Neuroprotective: One study suggests that Rhodiola may help in the prevention of Alzheimer’s disease and other neurodegenerative diseases and suppresses neuroinflammation. The study reported that R. rosea has potent neuroprotective effects through the suppression of oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and excitotoxicity in brain tissues and antagonism of oncogenic p21-activated kinase. Accumulation of amyloid-beta protein in the brain cells is the hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease. It causes oxidative stress and damages brain cells. Salidroside inhibits such activity by amyloid-beta by elevating antioxidant defenses. Apart from Alzheimer’s disease, R. rosea extracts may aid in the prevention of Parkinson’s disease. Salidroside protects the dopaminergic neurons by improving antioxidant defenses hence may have antiparkinson activity 52. The present study supports the hypothesis that salidroside may act as an effective neuroprotrctive agent through modulation of the ROS-NO related mitochondrial pathway in-vitro and in-vivo 53.
8. Antioxidant and Anticarcinogenic: Animal studies have shown that R. rosea decreases toxicity from cyclophosphamide, rubomycin, and adriamycin (anti-cancer drugs), while it enhances their anticarcinogenic effects 54, 55. One study conducted by Majewska A, Hoser G, et al., shows possible anticancer activity of Rhodiola rosea. Promyelocytic leukemic cells of a type known as HL-60 cells were exposed to standard extracts of Rhodiola for 6 to 72 h, and the survival of the cells was tested with automatic equipment.
The result of the current testing for cell survival or apoptosis and necrosis was that Rhodiola decreased the survival of the HL-60 leukemic cells. The lowest concentrations of the herb reduced cell survival after 12 h of incubation. The highest concentrations of Rhodiola (225 and 450 mug/ml) reduced cell survival to almost zero after 48 and 72 h of incubation. This study shows that rhodiola acts against the division of HL-60 leukemic cells, with apoptosis and reduced survival of the cells. Hence it shows Rhodiola rosea’s anticancer roles and its future possible in modern cancer treatment 56.
Safety and Side Effects: Rhodiola rosea has a very low level of toxicity. In rat toxicity studies (Kurkin and Zapesochnaya 1985) the LD50 (lethal dose at which 50% of animals die) was calculated to be 28.6 mL/kg, approximately 3360 mg/kg 57. The equivalent dosage in a 70-kg man would be about 235 g or 235000 mg. Because the usual clinical doses are 200 to 600 mg/d, there is a huge margin of safety (Udintsev and Schakov 1991) 58. Some side effects usually occur when you are on a higher dosage, and when you take it with caffeine. Most common effects with Rhodiola rosea are drowsiness, trouble to sleep and gastrointestinal problems, headache and dizziness, anxiety and agitation, nauseous, restlessness, insomnia, hyper-salivation 59. There is no enough clinical research data about its safety during pregnancy and during breastfeeding.
Contraindications: Rhodiola rosea should not be prescribed to patients with manic behavior disorders. If you have bipolar disorder, for example, Rhodiola can be dangerous because it can cause mania. Rhodiola should not be prescribed to patients with antidepressant sensitivity, either. Rhodiola rosea can cause drowsiness for patients on benzodiazepines, SSRI, and SNRI anti-depressants.
It is not recommended for patients on SSRI medications or MAOI medication because it can cause serotonin syndrome. Rhodiola can increase the symptoms of autoimmune disorders because it stimulates the immune system conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disorders (Crohn’s disease/ulcerative colitis), and neurological disorders such as multiple sclerosis 59. Rhodiola may affect platelet aggregation in higher doses. Rhodiola may interfere with birth control pills. Rhodiola may interfere with diabetic or thyroid medication 60. Therefore it is advised to consult a physician before taking Rhodiola rosea.
CONCLUSION: This review article gives some possible important uses of Rhodiola rosea in the management of different diseases/psychological conditions with some additional information. Rhodiola rosea has shown its multi-benefits in many research works carried out by different researchers worldwide. Primary benefits of Rhodiola rosea include antidepressant, anti-anxiety, anti-fatigue, stress reduction, increase in work capacities, and elevated performance in our daily life, antioxidant, and anti-aging properties.
Rhodiola rosea also found to have cardioprotective, anticancer, and neuroprotective properties in different researches. Rhodiola rosea usually does not show side effects at clinical doses, although some precautions should be taken before using it.
Consumers using antianxiety, antibiotic, or anti-depressant medications, birth control pills, or diabetic and thyroid drugs should consult with the prescribing physician. Nowadays, Rhodiola rosea is becoming a promising herbal drug in the world for a safe and effective way in the treatment of depression, anxiety, fatigue, and stress.
This plant shows its positive capability for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and cancer. Rhodiola rosea extract is currently available in the market by different manufacturers, and it is more popular nowadays. However, more research on this herb is required.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: We are grateful to the authors and researchers of all those articles that have been reviewed and discussed in this article. We appreciate their important research work.
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST: Nil
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How to cite this article:
Jagtap PN, Mhetre OS and Malavdkar PR: A review article on Rhodiola rosea: an adaptogen having multiple benefits. Int J Pharmacognosy 2019; 7(3): 62-69. doi link: http://dx.doi.org/10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.IJP.7(3).62-69.
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P. N. Jagtap *, O. S. Mhetre and P. R. Malavdkar
Department of Pharmacology, PDEA’s Seth Govind Raghunath Sable College of Pharmacy, Saswad, Pune, Maharashtra, India.
pnj1511@gmail.com
10 February 2020
21 March 2020
24 March 2020
10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.IJP.7(3).62-69
31 March 2020